{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T21:37:06Z","timestamp":1780609026434,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015898","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HQ0034-13-D-0004 RT 108-155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HQ0034-13-D-0004 RT 108-155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Project Managers face many difficulties when scheduling the development and production of multiple, largely independent systems required for a new capability, especially when there are multiple stakeholders, uncertainties in the expected development time, and developmental dependencies among the systems. The Systems Developmental Dependency Analysis methodology provides a systemic approach to address these challenges by offering decision support for such a \u2018System-of-Systems\u2019. The method, based on a parametric piece-wise linear model of dependencies between elements in the developmental domain, propagates the interactions between systems to estimate delays in the development of individual systems and to evaluate the impact of such delays on the expected schedule of completion for the establishment of the whole desired capability. The schedule can be automatically re-generated based on new system information, changed dependencies, and\/or modified risk levels. As demonstrated in this paper using a complex space mission case, the method enhances decision-support by identifying criticalities, computing possible delay absorption strategies, and comparing different development strategies in terms of robustness to delays.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T05:46:52Z","timestamp":1741585612000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Systems Developmental Dependency Analysis for Scheduling Decision Support: The Lunar Gateway Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7764-9647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Guariniello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8455-8540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"DeLaurentis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Purdue University, 701 W Stadium Ave., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6858(1998)1:4<267::AID-SYS3>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Architecting principles for systems-of-systems","volume":"1","author":"Maier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Wiest, J.D., and Levy, F.K. (1977). A Management Guide to PERT\/CPM, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(99)00036-8","article-title":"Use and benefits of tools for project risk management","volume":"19","author":"Raz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(00)00029-6","article-title":"Current practice in project management\u2014An empirical study","volume":"20","author":"White","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ford, M. (2017). Attitudes towards Project Management Tools and Effectiveness on Today\u2019s Complex Programs. [Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado Technical University]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeazitzis, T., Weger, K., Mesmer, B., Clerkin, J., and Van Bossuyt, D. (2023). Biases in Stakeholder Elicitation as a Precursor to the Systems Architecting Process. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11100499"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trif, S.R., Cur\u0219eu, P.L., and Fodor, O.C. (2022). Power differences and dynamics in multiparty collaborative systems: A systematic literature review. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10020030"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.01.028","article-title":"Dependency analysis of system-of-systems operational and development networks","volume":"16","author":"Guariniello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLaurentis, D.A., Marais, K., Davendralingam, N., Han, S.Y., Uday, P., Fang, Z., and Guariniello, C. (2012). Assessing the Impact of Development Disruptions and Dependencies in Analysis of Alternatives of System-Of-Systems, Systems Engineering Research Center. Technical Report.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA582893"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Abbott, B.P. (2008). Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Mission Packages: Determining the Best Mix. [Ph.D. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School]."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Fleischer, M., and Liker, J.K. (1997). Concurrent Engineering Effectiveness: Integrating Product Development Across Organizations, Hanser Gardner Publications."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Birchler, D., Chrisle, G., and Groo, E. (2010). Investigating Concurrency in Weapons Programs. Defense AT & L, Defense Acquisition University."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamrani, A.K., and Azimi, M. (2010). Systems Engineering Tools and Methods, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10452"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"DeLaurentis, D., and Mane, M. (2010, January 11\u201313). System development and risk propagation in systems of systems. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Acquisition Research Symposium, Seaside, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mane, M., and DeLaurentis, D.A. (2010, January 22\u201324). Network-level metric measuring delay propagation in networks of interdependent systems. Proceedings of the 2010 5th International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, Loughborough, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/SYSOSE.2010.5544080"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101009","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4004975","article-title":"A Markov Perspective on Development Interdependencies in Networks of Systems","volume":"133","author":"Mane","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2011.10.021","article-title":"A simulation-based risk network model for decision support in project risk management","volume":"52","author":"Fang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2006.880540","article-title":"Analytical framework for the management of risk in supply chains","volume":"4","author":"Gaonkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-003-0036-2","article-title":"Information hiding in product development: The design churn effect","volume":"14","author":"Yassine","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, S., and Crispim, J. (2024). Performance measurement and management in complex environments: A system of systems approach for the public sector. Prod. Plan. Control., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2024.2416507"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., and Ma, Y. (2014, January 13\u201315). A network-based assessment of design dependency in product development. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Innovative Design and Manufacturing (ICIDM), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/IDAM.2014.6912684"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/joom.1062","article-title":"Managing uncertain tasks in technology-intensive project environments: A multi-method study of task closure and capacity management decisions","volume":"66","author":"Narayanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1109\/17.946528","article-title":"Applying the design structure matrix to system decomposition and integration problems: A review and new directions","volume":"48","author":"Browning","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eppinger, S., and Browning, T. (2012). Design Structure Matrix Methods and Applications, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/8896.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, C., Eaton, C., Bates, M., Perner, D., and Mesmer, B.L. (2024, January 25\u201327). Exploring Dynamic Preferences in Systems Engineering. Proceedings of the Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Tucson, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-62554-1_5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2829328","article-title":"A Framework for Decision-Based Engineering Design","volume":"120","author":"Hazelrigg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Hazelrigg, G.A. (2025, March 04). Fundamentals of Decision Making for Engineering Design and Systems Engineering. Niels Corp, 2012. Available online: https:\/\/isbnsearch.org\/isbn\/9780984997602."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muller, G., and Giudici, H. (2024, January 25\u201327). Social Systems of Systems Thinking to Improve Decision-Making Processes Toward the Sustainable Transition. Proceedings of the Conference on Systems Engineering Research, Tucson, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-62554-1_21"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mihret, Z., Axelsson, J., Jee, E., and Bae, D.H. (2024, January 15\u201318). Policy-Guided Collaboration for Enhancing System of Systems Goal Achievement. Proceedings of the 18th Annual IEEE International Systems Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/SysCon61195.2024.10553439"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elfrey, P.R., Zacharewicz, G., and Ni, M. (2011, January 11\u201314). Smackdown: Adventures in simulation standards and interoperability. Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC), Phoenix, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2011.6148086"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.121705","article-title":"An improved FMEA method based on the expert trust network for maritime transportation risk management","volume":"238","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"US DoD (1949). MIL-P-1629\u2014Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"US DoD (1980). MIL-STD-1629A\u2014Military Standard: Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.7.5.646","article-title":"Application of a technique for research and development program evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Malcolm","year":"1959","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelley, J.E., and Walker, M.R. (1959, January 1\u20133). Critical-path planning and scheduling. Proceedings of the Eastern Joint IRE-AIEE-ACM Computer Conference, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1460299.1460318"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.10.6.808","article-title":"Expected critical path lengths in PERT networks","volume":"10","author":"Fulkerson","year":"1962","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.24.1.177","article-title":"Expected completion time in PERT networks","volume":"24","author":"Robillard","year":"1976","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Cinicioglu, E.N., and Shenoy, P.P. (2006, January 16\u201320). Solving stochasic PERT networks exactly using hybrid Bayesian networks. Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Uncertainty Processing, Mikulov, Czech Republic."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2006.05.014","article-title":"Multi-objective time\u2014Cost trade-off in dynamic PERT networks using an interactive approach","volume":"180","author":"Azaron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-7863(00)00044-2","article-title":"Improving efficiency: Time-critical interfacing of project tasks","volume":"20","author":"Hameri","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2013.11.002","article-title":"EDM: Earned Duration Management, a new approach to schedule performance management and measurement","volume":"32","author":"Khamooshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2017.01.010","article-title":"Project risk management: A deterministic quantitative technique for assessment and mitigation","volume":"35","author":"Muriana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Sharma, S. (2006). Operation Research: Pert, Cpm & Cost Analysis, Discovery Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lientz, B., and Rea, K. (2007). Project Management for the 21st Century, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080480497"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, D.E., Marin, J.A., and Scherer, W.T. (1995). A survey of intelligent scheduling systems. Intelligent Scheduling Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2263-8"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.F. (1995). Reactive scheduling systems. Intelligent Scheduling Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2263-8_7"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaveri, J.S., and Emdad, A.F. (1997). Intelligent scheduling systems: An artificial-intelligence-based approach. Manufacturing Decision Support Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1189-8_10"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Ambriz, R. (2008). Dynamic Scheduling with Microsoft Office Project 2007: The Book by and for Professionals, J. Ross Publishing, Inc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boehm, B., Lane, J.A., Koolmanojwong, S., and Turner, R.N. (2014). The Incremental Commitment Spiral Model: Principles and Practices for Successful Systems and Software, Addison-Wesley Professional.","DOI":"10.1145\/2785592.2785619"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2334-5837.2013.tb03028.x","article-title":"A Lean Approach to Improving SE Visibility in Large Operational Systems Evolution","volume":"23","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"INCOSE Int. Symp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497231196889","article-title":"Trade-off between time and cost in project planning: A simulation-based optimization approach","volume":"100","author":"Senses","year":"2024","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2023.10.046","article-title":"A simulation-based approximate dynamic programming approach to dynamic and stochastic resource-constrained multi-project scheduling problem","volume":"315","author":"Satic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-018-9667-6","article-title":"A state of the art review of intelligent scheduling","volume":"53","author":"Sotudian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-04-2022-0345","article-title":"Knowledge extraction for solving resource-constrained project scheduling problem through decision tree","volume":"31","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.43.4.437","article-title":"A model-based framework to overlap product development activities","volume":"43","author":"Krishnan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jairtraman.2024.102548","article-title":"Airline delay propagation: Estimation and modeling in daily operations","volume":"115","author":"Erdem","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Air Transp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2024.103457","article-title":"Explainable train delay propagation: A graph attention network approach","volume":"184","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2019.01.007","article-title":"Value creation through project risk management","volume":"37","author":"Willumsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2019.01.008","article-title":"Mapping wastes in complex projects for Lean Product Development","volume":"37","author":"Belvedere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2017.01.009","article-title":"Realizing value from project implementation under uncertainty: An exploratory study using system dynamics","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Garvey, P.R., and Pinto, C.A. (2009, January 15\u201317). Introduction to functional dependency network analysis. Proceedings of the MITRE Corporation and Old Dominion, Second International Symposium on Engineering Systems, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Pinto, C.A., and Garvey, P.R. (2012). Advanced Risk Analysis in Engineering Enterprise Systems, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-016-0229-0","article-title":"Supporting design via the system operational dependency analysis methodology","volume":"28","author":"Guariniello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLaurentis, D.A., Moolchandani, K., and Guariniello, C. (2022). System of Systems Modeling and Analysis, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003231011"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadin, S.R., Povinelli, F.P., and Rosen, R. (1989). The NASA technology push towards future space mission systems. Space and Humanity, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-037877-0.50012-0"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Mankins, J.C. (1995). Technology readiness levels. A White Paper, Advanced Concepts Office, NASA."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correia, E., Garrido-Azevedo, S., and Carvalho, H. (2023). Supply Chain Sustainability: A Model to Assess the Maturity Level. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11020098"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.M., Feitosa, R.M., and de Souza, C.R. (2010, January 9\u201312). Tool support for collaborative software development based on dependency analysis. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom 2010), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.collaboratecom.2010.26"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, A., Kotson, M., Meiners, C., Meunier, T., O\u2019Gwynn, D., Trepagnier, P., and Weller-Fahy, D. (2019). Active dependency mapping: A data-driven approach to mapping dependencies in distributed systems. Theory and Application of Reuse, Integration, and Data Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98056-0_7"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Simon, H.A. (2019). The Sciences of the Artificial, Reissue of the Third Edition with a New Introduction by John Laird, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Gantt, H.L. (1911). Work, Wages, and Profits: Their Influence on the Cost of Living, The Engineering Magazine."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crusan, J., Bleacher, J., Caram, J., Craig, D., Goodliff, K., Herrmann, N., Mahoney, E., and Smith, M. (2019, January 2\u20139). NASA\u2019s gateway: An update on progress and plans for extending human presence to cislunar space. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO.2019.8741561"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsse.2022.07.008","article-title":"Gateway program status and overview","volume":"9","author":"Fuller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Space Saf. Eng."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehnhardt, E., Travis, T., and Connell, D. (2024, January 2\u20139). The Gateway Program as Part of NASA\u2019s Plans for Human Exploration Beyond Low Earth Orbit. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO58975.2024.10521292"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chavers, G., Watson-Morgan, L., Smith, M., Suzuki, N., and Polsgrove, T. (2020, January 7\u201314). NASA\u2019s Human Landing System: The Strategy for the 2024 Mission and Future Sustainability. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, MT, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/AERO47225.2020.9172599"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Watson-Morgan, L., Chojnacki, K.T., Gagliano, L., Holcomb, S.V., Means, L., Ortega, R., Percy, T.K., Polsgrove, T., Woods, D., and Vermette, J.P. (2023, January 2\u20136). NASA\u2019s Human Landing System: A Sustaining Presence on the Moon. Proceedings of the 74th International Aeronautical Congress (IAC), Baku, Azerbaijan."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/3\/191\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:49:38Z","timestamp":1760028578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/3\/191"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13030191"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13030191","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]}}}