{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:54:53Z","timestamp":1761062093032,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42301341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technology is an essential technology for achieving low-carbon transformation and upgrading of the coal power industry. This study applies optimal control theory to analyze the dynamic optimization of CCUS technological innovation investment in coal power stations under environmental protection tax. A dynamic control model is constructed to analyze the investment decisions of firms at system steady-state equilibrium, and numerical simulations are performed. The study shows that under both profit maximization and social welfare maximization conditions, a distinct saddle-point steady-state; the environmental protection tax affects technological innovation investment in coal power stations, which in turn affects electricity prices; the learning rate of knowledge accumulation also impacts technological innovation investment: under the social welfare maximization condition, the investment levels in technological innovation, technology, and knowledge accumulation are higher than those under profit maximization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1741596401000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Dynamic Optimal Control Strategy of CCUS Technology Innovation in Coal Power Stations Under Environmental Protection Tax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chang","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, Yanta Middle Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"},{"name":"School of Management, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, Yanta Middle Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, Yanta Middle Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, Yanta Middle Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Political Science and International Relations, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200092, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, No. 58, Yanta Middle Road, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11244-023-01888-3","article-title":"Synthesis of long-chain paraffins over bimetallic Na\u2013Fe0.9Mg0.1Ox by direct CO2 hydrogenation","volume":"67","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Top. Catal."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2023.123052","article-title":"Evaluation of MgO as a promoter for the hydrogenation of CO2 to long-chain hydrocarbons over Fe-based catalysts","volume":"338","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05224-9","article-title":"Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2","volume":"610","author":"Rennert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135657","article-title":"Coal-fired power plant CCUS project comprehensive benefit evaluation and forecasting model study","volume":"385","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2024.125371","article-title":"Analysis of dynamic strategies for decision-making on retrofitting carbon capture, utilization, and storage technology in coal-fired power plants","volume":"264","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2018.08.003","article-title":"An assessment of CCS costs, barriers and potential","volume":"22","author":"Budinis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31,11","DOI":"10.5547\/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol31-NoSI-2","article-title":"The economics of low stabilization: Model comparison of mitigation strategies and costs","volume":"31","author":"Edenhofer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.07.007","article-title":"The economics of CCS: Why have CCS technologies not had an international breakthrough?","volume":"95","author":"Durmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgsce.2023.205070","article-title":"Review of technological progress in carbon dioxide capture, storage, and utilization","volume":"117","author":"Davoodi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gas. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.116394","article-title":"The case for estimating carbon return on investment (CROI) for CCUS platforms","volume":"285","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2023.103871","article-title":"Research on CCUS business model and policy incentives for coal-fired power plants in China","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"101300","article-title":"Scenario-based assessment for optimal planning of multi-carrier hub-energy system under dual uncertainties and various scheduling by considering CCUS technology","volume":"46","author":"Niazvand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.112959","article-title":"Modelling plant-level abatement costs and effects of incentive policies for coal-fired power generation retrofitted with CCUS","volume":"165","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s11707-022-1030-1","article-title":"Assessing the cost reduction potential of CCUS cluster projects of coal-fired plants in Guangdong Province in China","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.07.006","article-title":"Assessing the effects of CO2 price caps on electricity investments\u2014A real options analysis","volume":"36","author":"Szolgayova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10287-010-0124-5","article-title":"Real options analysis of investment in carbon capture and sequestration technology","volume":"9","author":"Heydari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.01.013","article-title":"Uncertainty modeling of CCS investment strategy in China\u2019s power sector","volume":"87","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijggc.2021.103434","article-title":"BECCS with combined heat and power: Assessing the energy penalty","volume":"110","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reseneeco.2022.101296","article-title":"Environmental and socio-economic implications of woody biomass co-firing at coal-fired power plants","volume":"68","author":"Picciano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127822","article-title":"How do multiple policy incentives influence investors\u2019 decisions on biomass co-firing combined with carbon capture and storage retrofit projects for coal-fired power plants?","volume":"278","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/464160c","article-title":"Barriers to carbon capture and storage may not be obvious","volume":"464","author":"Bowen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0509-6","article-title":"Prospects for powering past coal","volume":"9","author":"Jewell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"13164","article-title":"Decarbonizing the coal-fired power sector in China via carbon capture, geological utilization, and storage technology","volume":"55","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2011.04.005","article-title":"A real options\u2013based CCS investment evaluation model: Case study of China\u2019s power generation sector","volume":"88","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2016.05.007","article-title":"A kernel-based clustering method for gene selection with gene expression data","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7524","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b07930","article-title":"Cost analysis of carbon capture and sequestration of process emissions from the US industrial sector","volume":"54","author":"McQueen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2023.113630","article-title":"Pricing in competitive energy supply chains considering government interventions to support CCS under cap-and-trade regulations: A game-theoretic approach","volume":"179","author":"Alinaghian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1007\/s00712-011-0199-7","article-title":"Pigouvian tax, abatement policies and uncertainty on the environment","volume":"103","author":"Baiardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.126818","article-title":"Can green tax policy promote China\u2019s energy transformation?\u2014A nonlinear analysis from production and consumption perspectives","volume":"269","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-011-0844-0","article-title":"Dynamically consistent collaborative environmental management with production technique choices","volume":"220","author":"Yeung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640008","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219198916400089","article-title":"A cooperative dynamic environmental game of subgame consistent clean technology development","volume":"18","author":"Yeung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Game Theory Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127554","article-title":"Firms\u2019 green investments: What factors matter?","volume":"310","author":"Siedschlag","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2022.03.033","article-title":"Using contests to design emission tax mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Osorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/00036846.2021.1963663","article-title":"Does a green tax impact a heavy-polluting firm\u2019s green investments?","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123443","article-title":"Can the current environmental tax rate promote green technology innovation?-Evidence from China\u2019s resource-based industries","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0095-0696(89)90019-3","article-title":"Firm incentives to promote technological change in pollution control","volume":"17","author":"Milliman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Environ. Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2017.04.024","article-title":"Optimal combination of innovation and environmental policies under technology licensing","volume":"64","author":"Hattori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Econ. Model."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2011.09.014","article-title":"The innovation effects of environmental policy instruments\u2014A typical case of the blind men and the elephant?","volume":"72","author":"Kemp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2013.12.002","article-title":"A dynamic general equilibrium model of pollution abatement under learning by doing","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.124693","article-title":"An optimal combination of emissions tax and green innovation subsidies for polluting oligopolies","volume":"284","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/2295952","article-title":"The economic implications of learning by doing","volume":"29","author":"Arrow","year":"1962","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3934\/jimo.2022014","article-title":"A dynamic analysis of a monopolist\u2019s quality improvement, process innovation and goodwill","volume":"19","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ind. Manag. Optim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(02)00133-7","article-title":"Prices versus quantities: Choosing policies for promoting the development of renewable energy","volume":"31","author":"Menanteau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2022.106369","article-title":"Abatement technology innovation, worker productivity and firm profitability: A dynamic analysis","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2024.105523","article-title":"Investment in enhancing resilience safety of chemical parks under blockchain technology: From the perspective of dynamic reward and punishment mechanisms","volume":"94","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Proc."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/3\/193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:50:07Z","timestamp":1760028607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/3\/193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13030193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13030193","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}