{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:53:06Z","timestamp":1780361586104,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Beijing Jiaotong University","award":["2022YJS047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YJS047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the global market for shipping perishable goods expands, the substantial loss and high claim costs associated with these goods have drawn increasing attention. Blockchain technology (BCT) can improve customs clearance efficiency and reduce perishable goods loss. However, the high investment costs present a clear trade-off between enhancing clearance efficiency to mitigate loss and claims costs and the financial burden of BCT adoption. Additionally, determining which stakeholder should invest in BCT has become a critical strategic issue. To address this, we develop three Stackelberg game models to investigate the optimal BCT investment strategies for different entities\u2014the port and the shipping company\u2014in the maritime supply chain. Building on previous models in the existing literature, we incorporate the perishable goods loss rate and claim costs to offer new insights into how the perishable goods loss rate influences BCT investment outcomes. The results reveal that when the shipping company invests in BCT, if its BCT investment cost coefficient is within a certain range, a higher perishable goods loss rate can generate higher profits for both the port and the shipping company. Furthermore, our findings indicate that BCT investment enhances consumer surplus and social welfare in the maritime supply chain when considering perishable goods loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T16:39:03Z","timestamp":1741711143000},"page":"196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blockchain Effects and Investment Strategies in the Maritime Supply Chain Under Perishable Goods Loss"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liying","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"Management School, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6185-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Company, T.B.R. (2024, October 10). Perishable Goods Sea Transportation Global Market Report 2024. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/reports\/5792937\/perishable-goods-sea-transportation-global."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gray, P. (2024, October 10). Reefer Market Update and Challenges Ahead. Available online: https:\/\/www.internationalblueberry.org\/assets\/uploads\/2023\/07\/Philip-Gray_Reefer-market-update-and-challenges-ahead.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Bridgett, L. (2024, October 10). Container Shipping Situation Worsens Due to Congestion, Delays, and Empty Containers. Available online: https:\/\/www.spglobal.com\/commodityinsights\/en\/ci\/research-analysis\/container-shipping-situation-worsens-due-to-congestion-delays.html."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Club, B.P.I. (2024, October 10). Refrigerated Container Cargo Claims. Available online: https:\/\/britanniapandi.com\/2022\/04\/refrigerated-container-cargo-claims\/."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/03088839.2020.1825855","article-title":"Blockchain adoptions in the maritime industry: A conceptual framework","volume":"48","author":"Pu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Marit. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.05.010","article-title":"Blockchain technology for port logistics capability: Exclusive or sharing","volume":"149","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.09.020","article-title":"Maritime shipping digitalization: Blockchain-based technology applications, future improvements, and intention to use","volume":"131","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-021-10228-3","article-title":"Disruptive Technologies for Achieving Supply Chain Resilience in COVID-19 Era: An Implementation Case Study of Satellite Imagery and Blockchain Technologies in Fish Supply Chain","volume":"24","author":"Sengupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132646","article-title":"Including the reefer chain into genuine beef cold chain architecture based on blockchain technology","volume":"363","author":"Jo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(UNCTAD) UNCoTaD (2024, October 10). Review of Maritime Transport 2023. Available online: https:\/\/unctad.org\/publication\/review-maritime-transport-2023."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.10.027","article-title":"Cost analysis and optimization of Blockchain-based solid waste management traceability system","volume":"120","author":"Gopalakrishnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.103012","article-title":"Blockchain and third-party logistics for global supply chain operations: Stakeholders\u2019 perspectives and decision roadmap","volume":"170","author":"Tiwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bruno, M. (2024, October 10). Maersk Scraps TradeLens. Available online: https:\/\/www.porttechnology.org\/news\/maersk-scraps-tradelens\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-09-2018-0309","article-title":"Blockchain technology: Implications for operations and supply chain management","volume":"24","author":"Cole","year":"2019","journal-title":"Supply Chain. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1930239","article-title":"Blockchain technology in maritime supply chains: Applications, architecture and challenges","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2021.102942","article-title":"Greenhouse gas impact of digitalizing shipping documents: Blockchain vs. centralized systems","volume":"97","author":"Pu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2022.106195","article-title":"Servitization with blockchain in the maritime supply chain","volume":"225","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2023.105724","article-title":"Blockchain adoption in container shipping: An empirical study on barriers, approaches, and recommendations","volume":"155","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102539","article-title":"Blockchain adoption in the maritime supply chain: Examining barriers and salient stakeholders in containerized international trade","volume":"156","author":"Balci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102303","article-title":"A Stackelberg game based two-stage framework to make decisions of freight rate for container shipping lines in the emerging blockchain-based market","volume":"149","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2023.106696","article-title":"Blockchain technology investment strategy for shipping companies under competition","volume":"243","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108219","article-title":"A game theoretic approach of optimal adoption time of blockchain: A case of ship operators","volume":"169","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2009.01016.x","article-title":"Supply Chain Strategies for Perishable Products: The Case of Fresh Produce","volume":"18","author":"Blackburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10696-011-9122-3","article-title":"Managing perishability in production-distribution planning: A discussion and review","volume":"25","author":"Amorim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Flex. Serv. Manuf. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2021.1939902","article-title":"Blockchain adoption in food supply chains: A review and implementation framework","volume":"34","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127021","article-title":"Blockchain-enabled pharmaceutical cold chain: Applications, key challenges, and future trends","volume":"302","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2020.106895","article-title":"Supply chain transparency through blockchain-based traceability: An overview with demonstration","volume":"150","author":"Sunny","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2021.102289","article-title":"Using system dynamics to analyze the societal impacts of blockchain technology in milk supply chainsrefer","volume":"149","author":"Mangla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-07-2017-0365","article-title":"The acceptance of blockchain technology in meat traceability and transparency","volume":"120","author":"Sander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Food J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-022-05034-2","article-title":"The provision strategy of blockchain service under the supply chain with downstream competition","volume":"327","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2022.119494","article-title":"Dynamic blockchain adoption for freshness-keeping in the fresh agricultural product supply chain","volume":"217","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2023.103014","article-title":"Impacts of blockchain-based digital transition on cold supply chains with a third-party logistics service provider","volume":"170","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3717","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2021.1894497","article-title":"An analysis of strategies for adopting blockchain technology in the fresh product supply chain","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2020.102537","article-title":"Cold chain shipping mode choice with environmental and financial perspectives","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120654","article-title":"The reefer container market and academic research: A review study","volume":"256","author":"Castelein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14358","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.14358","article-title":"Fuzzy Bayesian network analysis of the factors causing food losses in reefer containers","volume":"46","author":"Kaptan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Food Process Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2022.106229","article-title":"Research on information sharing incentive mechanism of China\u2019s port cold chain logistics enterprises based on blockchain","volume":"225","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (2024, October 10). United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (New York, 2008) (the \u201cRotterdam Rules\u201d). Available online: https:\/\/uncitral.un.org\/en\/texts\/transportgoods\/conventions\/rotterdam_rules."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2017.07.001","article-title":"Pricing and cold-chain service level decisions in a fresh agri-products supply chain with logistics outsourcing","volume":"111","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.05.011","article-title":"Blockchain-technology-supported platforms for diamond authentication and certification in luxury supply chains","volume":"128","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2019.06.009","article-title":"Carrier alliance incentive analysis and coordination in a maritime transport chain based on service competition","volume":"128","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/3\/196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:50:49Z","timestamp":1760028649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/3\/196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13030196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13030196","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]}}}