{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T23:50:58Z","timestamp":1778197858783,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Social Science Foundation Project of Fujian Province of China","award":["FJ2024BF039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ2024BF039"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Foundation Project of Fujian Province of China","award":["2024HQYJ15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024HQYJ15"]}]},{"name":"Huaqiao University\u2019s Academic Project Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["FJ2024BF039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJ2024BF039"]}]},{"name":"Huaqiao University\u2019s Academic Project Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2024HQYJ15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024HQYJ15"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specialized, Refined, Differentiated, and Innovative (SRDI) enterprises are crucial to China\u2019s economic development. It is important to examine how various factors\u2019 combinations impact the radical innovation performance of SRDI enterprises in order to promote high-quality regional economic development. Based on the Technology\u2013Organization\u2013Environment (TOE) framework, this study selected SRDI enterprises as research samples, used a hierarchical clustering algorithm to divide the enterprises into groups according to the characteristics of SRDI enterprises, and employed a classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to reveal the complex nonlinear relationships between the combinations of multiple key influencing factors and radical innovation performance from multi-source big data. The findings indicate that (1) there are significant variations in the factors affecting the radical innovation performance of different types of SRDI enterprises; (2) the radical innovation performance of SRDI enterprises stems from the synergistic interaction among various factors; and (3) the impact of R&amp;D investment on radical innovation is not simply linear. This study effectively captures the complex nonlinear relationships between combinations of multiple influencing factors and radical innovation performance. It is of great practical significance for revealing SRDI enterprises\u2019 radical innovation performance improvement pathways and enhancing their innovation capability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T07:31:42Z","timestamp":1741764702000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["How to Enhance Enterprises\u2019 Radical Innovation Performance Through Multiple Pathways\u2014A Machine Learning Analysis of SRDI Enterprises in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanhui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6924-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hailin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoji","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, H., Liu, R., and Chen, B. 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