{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T12:26:26Z","timestamp":1780316786495,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72461004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72461004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515010966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72461004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72461004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515010966"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515010966"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To effectively address the dual challenges of insufficient motivation for digital transformation (DT) among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and low collaboration efficiency in the manufacturing supply chain within the context of the digital economy, this paper focuses on how government subsidy policies can promote the empowerment behavior of core manufacturing enterprises (CMEs) to resolve the DT difficulties of SMEs and drive the overall upgrade of the manufacturing industry. Based on evolutionary game theory, a three-party evolutionary game model involving the government, CMEs, and SMEs is constructed. The evolutionary stability strategies of the three parties under different scenarios are explored, and the evolutionary stability of system strategies under single-factor and two-factor interactions is analyzed through MATLAB simulations. The research results indicate that (1) the intensity of government subsidies shows an inverted U-shaped impact on their effectiveness. (2) The government subsidy to CMEs can not only directly incentivize empowerment but also indirectly promote the DT of SMEs. (3) CMEs converge to the empowerment strategy faster than SMEs, while SMEs are more sensitive to insufficient subsidies. (4) SMEs have weak self-transformation capabilities, and their willingness to undergo DT is significantly more influenced by external factors than by internal factors. The above findings can help to clarify the interactive relationships among the government, CMEs, and SMEs in the DT process and provide valuable suggestions from multiple perspectives to promote the SMEs\u2019 DT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13040225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]],"date-time":"2025-03-25T12:18:52Z","timestamp":1742905132000},"page":"225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolutionary Game Analysis of Empowering SMEs\u2019 Digital Transformation by Core Manufacturing Enterprises Under Government Subsidies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3166-4868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of E-Commerce, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhili","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of E-Commerce, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of E-Commerce, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2023.02.007","article-title":"The effect of digital transformation on real economy enterprises? total factor productivity","volume":"85","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, A.K., Christiansen, L., and Lassen, A.H. (2024). Technology isn\u2019t enough for Industry 4.0: On SMEs and hindrances to digital transformation. Int. J. Prod. Res., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2024.2305800"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Xu, Y., and Ma, L. (2022). Research on Successful Factors and Influencing Mechanism of the Digital Transformation in SMEs. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052549"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16311","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-024-01754-x","article-title":"Navigating Digital Transformation and Knowledge Structures: Insights for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10257-024-00682-2","article-title":"Toward SMEs digital transformation success: A systematic literature review","volume":"22","author":"Sagala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. E-Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102594","article-title":"Digital transformation and European small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A comparative study using digital economy and society index data","volume":"68","author":"Skare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1108\/IJIS-08-2018-0083","article-title":"Digital technology, digital capability and organizational performance: A mediating role of digital innovation","volume":"11","author":"Sabai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2022.100198","article-title":"Can digital transformation promote enterprise performance?-From the perspective of public policy and innovation","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innov. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, T., Ma, C.-A., Lv, H.-Y., and Hao, F.-Y. (2023). The Effect of Corporate Resource Abundance on the Transformation and Upgrading of Manufacturing Enterprises from the Perspective of Whole Process Innovation. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151411003"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.najef.2024.102305","article-title":"Hand in hand or left behind: The dual impact of leading firms\u2019 digital technologies on industry digital transformation","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123170","article-title":"Optimizing digital transformation paths for industrial clusters: Insights from a simulation","volume":"200","author":"Teng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Yang, Y., Gan, H., and Ren, Y. (2024). Digital welfare of the value cycle of agribusiness supply chain network: Evidence from China\u2019s listed agriculture-affiliated companies. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/09537325.2024.2411593"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2023.104883","article-title":"Enterprise digital transformation and supply chain management","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2019.01.003","article-title":"Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda","volume":"28","author":"Vial","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5030","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2022.3215727","article-title":"Drivers of Digital Transformation in SMEs","volume":"71","author":"Omrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2024.105247","article-title":"Corporate digital transformation and supply chain synergy effects","volume":"62","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2024.105299","article-title":"Enterprise digital transformation and supply chain stability","volume":"63","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.3507","article-title":"Digital technology adoption, digital dynamic capability, and digital transformation performance of textile industry: Moderating role of digital innovation orientation","volume":"43","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manag. Decis. Econ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101841","article-title":"Does digital transformation enhance a firm\u2019s performance? Evidence from China","volume":"68","author":"Zhai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5562","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.4343","article-title":"Does digital transformation promote supply chain efficiency? Evidence from China","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Decis. Econ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2024.105822","article-title":"Does digitalization improve supply chain efficiency?","volume":"67","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1681-4835.2012.tb00361.x","article-title":"The IT productivity paradox: Evidence from the Nigerian banking industry","volume":"51","author":"Ekata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1108\/IJPPM-12-2012-0129","article-title":"Information technology (IT) productivity paradox in the 21st century","volume":"64","author":"Hajli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Product. Perform. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.03.041","article-title":"The complexity of the intangible digital economy: An agent-based model","volume":"129","author":"Bertani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1108\/K-06-2023-1042","article-title":"Research on influencing factors and path of digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1108\/JSBED-06-2020-0219","article-title":"A model for digital development of SMEs: An interaction-based approach","volume":"27","author":"Depaoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Small Bus. Enterp. Dev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240014","DOI":"10.1142\/S136391962240014X","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between multi-dimensional digital readiness and digital transformation outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Trischler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2020.10.033","article-title":"Digital transformation and customer value creation in Made in Italy SMEs: A dynamic capabilities perspective","volume":"123","author":"Matarazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4619","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2022.3233132","article-title":"Digital Servitization and Business Model Innovation in SMEs: A Model to Escape from Market Disruption","volume":"71","author":"Lamperti","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., and Mei, X. (2024). Evolutionary game analysis of data sharing among large and medium-sized enterprises in the perspective of platform empowerment. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62156-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-019-09693-x","article-title":"Inside the black box: An investigation of non-executive director activity through the lens of dynamic capability","volume":"38","author":"Hom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15465","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2024.3496494","article-title":"Every Coin Has Two Sides: Enterprise Digital Transformation and Symbolic Innovation","volume":"71","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Hu, K., and Liu, X. (2024). Digital transformation of construction industry under government reward and punishment mechanism based on evolutionary game modeling. J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1080\/13467581.2024.2396594"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Mei, L., and Chen, W. (2024). Does government policy matter in the digital transformation of farmers\u2019 cooperatives?-A tripartite evolutionary game analysis. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1398319"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28772","article-title":"Affording digital transformation: The role of industrial Internet platform in traditional manufacturing enterprises digital transformation","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1108\/JKM-09-2022-0757","article-title":"How an industrial internet platform empowers the digital transformation of SMEs: Theoretical mechanism and business model","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Knowl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.129758","article-title":"Analysis of the dynamic evolution process of the digital transformation of renewable energy enterprises based on the cooperative and evolutionary game model","volume":"288","author":"Ning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123038","article-title":"A study on the strategic momentum of SMEs\u2019 digital transformation: Evidence from China","volume":"200","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Kergroach, S. (2021). SMEs Going Digital: Policy Challenges and Recommendations, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.109935","article-title":"UNISON framework of data-driven tripartite evolutionary game-based knowledge sharing decision for digital servitization","volume":"189","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., and Zhang, Y. (2024). Analyzing the evolutionary game of subsidies\u2019 strategy in the digitization of marine ranch: A theoretical framework. Front. Mar. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2024.1376256"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Du, X., Zhang, P., Li, H., and Fei, X. (2023). Co-evolutionary mechanism of stakeholders\u2019 strategies in comprehensive agricultural water price reform: The view of evolutionary game based on prospect theory. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su151511977"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2024.110415","article-title":"Manufacturing enterprises digital collaboration empowered by Industrial Internet Platform: A multi-agent stochastic evolutionary game","volume":"194","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Cheng, P., and Yang, F. (2024). Study on the impact of digital transformation on green competitive advantage: The role of green innovation and government regulation. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0306603"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Xu, J., and Zhang, G. (2024). An Evolutionary Game Study of Collaborative Innovation across the Whole Industry Chain of Rural E-Commerce under Digital Empowerment. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12090353"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2024.105928","article-title":"Enterprise digital transformation and employment: Spillover effect within supply chains","volume":"67","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2024.105444","article-title":"Talking and walking: Corporate digital transformation and government subsidies","volume":"64","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Selten, R., and Selten, R. (1988). A Note on Evolutionarily Stable Strategies in Asymmetric Animal Conflicts, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7774-8_3"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"637","article-title":"Evolutionary games in economics","volume":"59","author":"Friedman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Econom. J. Econom. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322887","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2322887","article-title":"The Multiagent Evolutionary Game Research of Enterprise Resource Sharing on a Shared Manufacturing Platform","volume":"2022","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Discret. Dyn. Nat. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, G., Zhang, X., and Liu, Y. (2024). Ex-post vs. ex-ante regulation on platforms\u2019 discriminatory pricing under different market structures: An evolutionary game study. Electron. Commer. Res., 1\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10660-024-09933-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Yao, L., Bai, X., and Li, H. (2023). Dynamic Analysis and Simulation of the Feasibility and Stability of Innovative Carbon Emission Reduction Projects Entering the Carbon-Trading Market. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086908"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Su, H., and Hou, Q. (2023). Evolutionary game study on multi-agent value co-creation of service-oriented digital transformation in the construction industry. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285697"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Gilbert, N., and Troitzsch, K. (2005). Simulation for the Social Scientist, Open University Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Q., Li, B., Zhang, M., and Hertogh, M. (2024). Research on Collaborative Risk Management Mechanism of Mega Projects: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Model Considering the Participation of Insurance Institution. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12070240"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOEM-05-2022-0766","article-title":"The incentive effect of government subsidies on the digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Mark."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1515\/math-2022-0480","article-title":"Research of cooperation strategy of government-enterprise digital transformation based on differential game","volume":"20","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Math."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combining Human and Machine Confidence in Truthfulness Assessment","volume":"15","author":"Yunke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Data Inf. Qual."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, H., Sun, L., and Zhang, W. (2024). Digitization and Green Technology Innovation of Chinese Firms Under Government Subsidy Policies. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12110447"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1108\/EJIM-04-2023-0343","article-title":"Open innovation at the digital frontier: Unraveling the paradoxes and roadmaps for SMEs\u2019 successful digital transformation","volume":"27","author":"Appio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102713","article-title":"Digital transformation in SMEs: A taxonomy of externally supported digital innovation projects","volume":"74","author":"Hermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourmorshed, S., and Durst, S. (2022). The usefulness of the digitalization integration framework for developing digital supply chains in SMEs. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142114352"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-02250-4","article-title":"Government regulatory policies for digital transformation in small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises: An evolutionary game analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/4\/225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:00:05Z","timestamp":1760029205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/4\/225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13040225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13040225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,25]]}}}