{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T14:00:45Z","timestamp":1783432845973,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Social Science Fund of China","award":["22BGL225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22BGL225"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The competitiveness of rural tourism destinations holds significant implications not only for local livelihood sustainability and regional development but also for the preservation and continuity of human civilization. However, developing countries face a critical challenge where rural tourism destination competitiveness is being progressively undermined by the pervasive homogenization of tourism products. The existing literature demonstrates limited engagement with mitigation strategies for tourism product homogenization in examinations of rural destination competitiveness. This study conceptualizes tourism product homogenization as a manifestation of the tragedy of tourism commons, proposing that self-governance can foster rural tourism destination competitive advantages through resolving such collective action dilemmas. Employing a combined IAD-SES framework, the investigation analyzes interview data from Yuanjia Village in Shaanxi Province, China. The analysis delineates how self-governance dynamically enhances and sustains rural tourism destination competitiveness through four institutional mechanisms: provision rules, appropriation rules, monitoring protocols, and sanctioning systems. Furthermore, the findings reveal that the competitiveness driven by self-governance demonstrates the capacity to align individual interests with collective societal benefits. This research contributes to tourism scholarship by identifying novel institutional determinants of tourism destination competitiveness and proposing a policy framework for addressing product homogenization challenges throughout the rural tourism area life cycle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13040287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]],"date-time":"2025-04-15T06:50:27Z","timestamp":1744699827000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mechanisms to Overcome the Homogenization of Rural Tourism Products and Improve the Competitiveness of Rural Tourist Destinations: A Case Study from China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Social Governance lnnovation Research Center, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Policy and Management, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2025.103595","article-title":"Disentangling the relationship between rurality and tourism from a peripheral rural area of Europe","volume":"115","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/09669589409510680","article-title":"What is rural tourism?","volume":"2","author":"Lane","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.09.013","article-title":"The lost rural idyll? Tourists\u2019 attitudes towards sustainability and their influence on the production of rural space at a rural tourism hotspot in Northern Ireland","volume":"80","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2023.104822","article-title":"How does culture influence a country\u2019s travel and tourism competitiveness? A longitudinal frontier study on 39 countries","volume":"100","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"100801","article-title":"Does rural tourism revitalize the countryside? An exploration of the spatial reconstruction through the lens of cultural connotations of rurality","volume":"29","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2011.01.026","article-title":"Rethinking social impacts of tourism research: A new research agenda","volume":"33","author":"Deery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2005.03.001","article-title":"Residents\u2019 perceptions of community tourism impacts","volume":"32","author":"Andereck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2024.06.017","article-title":"Rural tourism in China: \u2018Root-seeking\u2019 and construction of national identity","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2022.08.013","article-title":"Adaptive change of institutions and dynamic governance of the tragedy of the tourism commons: Evidence from rural China","volume":"53","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"62","article-title":"Analysis of the homogenization phenomenon of contemporary Chinese tourism products: A case study of Changzhou combs","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Da Zhong Wen Yi"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"76","article-title":"Analysis of homogenization issues and construction of evaluation system for folk sports tourism","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hebei Sports Univ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1177\/13567667221147316","article-title":"Importance-performance analysis of olive oil tourism activities: Differences between national and international tourists","volume":"30","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Vacat. Mark."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"51","article-title":"Research on the homogenization of rural tourism products and strategies","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"West. Tour."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2025, March 10). Alerting Against Severe Homogenization in Rural Tourism Development. Wen Gao E Zhan. Available online: https:\/\/mp.weixin.qq.com\/s?__biz=Mzk2NDY5OTA2Mw==&mid=2247483979&idx=1&sn=646bf9cb365d9e6d77e93182224dce1a&chksm=c5ebf89a56b00c63dc757c06916399f3afc3272ed498fec53d79767cd00a4a11cf888451c721#rd."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"155","article-title":"Breaking away from the \u201cgeneric face\u201d: Innovation of tourism cultural and creative products under the characteristic regional culture of Penglai","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhiku Shidai (Think Tank Era)"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"100453","article-title":"Destination branding: Opportunities and new challenges","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121301","article-title":"An analysis of the competitiveness of the tourism industry in a context of economic recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"174","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2020.06.012","article-title":"A review on tourism destination competitiveness","volume":"45","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2014.10.008","article-title":"Competing for the disability tourism market\u2013A comparative exploration of the factors of accessible tourism competitiveness in Spain and Australia","volume":"47","author":"Vila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"252","article-title":"Sustainable improvement of competitiveness in rural tourism destinations: The quest for tourist loyalty in Spain","volume":"6","author":"Alves","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"103595","article-title":"Governing the Tourism Commons: Can Self-governing Institution Ensure the Continuation of the Rural Tourism Life Cycle?","volume":"53","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511807763"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"100582","article-title":"Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in the countries most visited by international tourists: Proposal of a synthetic index","volume":"33","author":"Azevedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2021.104456","article-title":"Navigating the early stages of a large sustainability-oriented rural tourism development project: Lessons from Tr\u00e6na, Norway","volume":"89","author":"Mwesiumo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1177\/1354816619846748","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of tourist advertising to improve the competitiveness of destinations","volume":"26","author":"Buhalis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/19388160.2012.648461","article-title":"Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in China","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. China Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ritchie, J.R.B., and Crouch, G.I. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective, CABI Publishing.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851996646.0000"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1002\/jtr.2259","article-title":"Destination competitiveness from a tourist perspective: A case of the United Arab Emirates","volume":"21","author":"Reisinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"101072","article-title":"Sustainable Tourism Governance: A Systematic Review of Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration Frameworks","volume":"36","author":"Bramwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"5","article-title":"Consumer behavior in tourism: An overview","volume":"21","author":"Hassan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"103512","article-title":"Rural Tourism Resilience: Adaptive Governance in Response to Pandemic and Climate Crises","volume":"92","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"734","article-title":"The Tragedy of the Tourism Commons in Urban Destinations: Overcrowding and Resident Perceptions","volume":"60","author":"Gossling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2018.11.003","article-title":"Destination branding and overtourism","volume":"38","author":"Zaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annals.2019.102825","article-title":"Extending tourism competitiveness to human development","volume":"80","author":"Croes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"100990","article-title":"What are the most influential drivers of tourism destination competitiveness?","volume":"36","author":"Arici","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"100792","article-title":"Leverage points of tourism destination competitiveness dynamics","volume":"38","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.208","article-title":"Fostering tourism destination competitiveness in developing countries: The role of sustainability","volume":"209","author":"Goffi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1108\/JHTI-01-2021-0015","article-title":"A comparative perspective on destination competitiveness through visitors\u2019 and stakeholders\u2019 perceptions in the region of Cappadocia","volume":"5","author":"Akin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Insights"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dai, Q., Chen, J., and Zheng, Y. (2025). Assessing the impact of community-based homestay experiences on tourist loyalty in sustainable rural tourism development. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84075-y"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2005.08.001","article-title":"Re-conceptualising rural resources as countryside capital: The case of rural tourism","volume":"22","author":"Garrod","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meissner, M. (2021). Intangible Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79938-0"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"458","article-title":"Cultural heritage and rural tourism: Authenticity, commodification, and community ownership","volume":"37","author":"Pegg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"100501","article-title":"Associations between travel and tourism competitiveness and culture","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.30519\/ahtr.690184","article-title":"Beyond rural contexts: Community-based tourism for a better life in the city","volume":"8","author":"Mtapuri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Hosp. Tour. Res. (AHTR)"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.103957","article-title":"Land expropriation in tourism development: Residents\u2019 attitudinal change and its influencing mechanism","volume":"76","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046","article-title":"Analyzing government role in rural tourism development: An empirical investigation from China","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.11.018","article-title":"Political economy of tourism: Trust in government actors, political support, and their determinants","volume":"36","author":"Nunkoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1080\/21568316.2021.1894599","article-title":"Tourism potentials in post-COVID-19: The concept of destination resilience for advanced sustainable management in tourism","volume":"20","author":"Traskevich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Plan. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, R. (2022). Global Diasporas: An Introduction, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003256526"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/0047287511426340","article-title":"Partners and innovation in American destination marketing organizations","volume":"51","author":"Zach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"123","article-title":"Influential factors in the competitiveness of mature tourism destinations","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.07.007","article-title":"The role of individual entrepreneurs in the development of competitiveness for a rural tourism destination\u2014A case study","volume":"40","author":"Komppula","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2167\/\/cit288","article-title":"Webs of Power: Multiple Ownership in Tourism Destinations","volume":"10","author":"Mottiar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Tour."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.54055\/ejtr.v25i.418","article-title":"A conceptual justification and a strategy to advance community-based tourism development","volume":"25","author":"Giampiccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1080\/09669582.2019.1612904","article-title":"The evolving path of community participation in tourism in China","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"101009","article-title":"Influential factors in agrarian households\u2019 engagement in rural tourism development","volume":"44","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"112","article-title":"Investigating the causal conditions and configurations of farm household participation in rural tourism: A methodological examination based on QCA","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rural. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1177\/14687976211040246","article-title":"Social innovations and sustainability of tourism: Insights from public sector in Kemi, Finland","volume":"21","author":"Partanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Stud."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Ren, M. (2023). Research on the Enhancement of Competitiveness in Pengshan District\u2019s Rural Tourism Destinations. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Yunnan Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Li, R.K. (China Culture News, 2022). National People\u2019s Congress deputy Yuan Jing: Inheriting red culture and addressing homogenization in red cultural product development, China Culture News."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"37","article-title":"Research on differential planning of rural tourism in homogeneous resource regions: A case study of the Qingzhang River Basin","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Shanxi Agric. Econ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-7383(01)00080-9","article-title":"Cooperative branding for rural destinations","volume":"29","author":"Cai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"14","article-title":"Analysis of homogenization issues in rural tourism products and countermeasures","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Jiangsu Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"109","article-title":"Homogenization of rural tourism in Guizhou Province and its innovation strategies","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Guizhou Univ. J. (Soc. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"4","article-title":"Analysis of homogenization issues in Dong cultural circle tourism products","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Liu Zhou Vocat. Tech. Coll. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5334\/ijc.987","article-title":"Thinking about the Commons","volume":"14","author":"Rose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Commons"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.1.81","article-title":"The problem of the commons still unsettled after 100 years","volume":"101","author":"Stavins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.5334\/ijc.994","article-title":"Defining success in the commons: Addressing problem orientations, multidimensionality, norms, and tradeoffs","volume":"14","author":"Barnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Commons"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/2585925","article-title":"A behavioral approach to the rational choice theory of collective action","volume":"92","author":"Ostrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. Political Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2024.103134","article-title":"State-led versus market-led: How institutional arrangements impact collaborative governance in participatory urban regeneration in China","volume":"150","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2021.102586","article-title":"Institutional choices between private management and user group management during forest devolution: A case study of forest allocation in China","volume":"132","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2023.107973","article-title":"Value asymmetries in Norwegian forest governance: The role of institutions and power dynamics","volume":"214","author":"Helseth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"245","article-title":"Institutions and rural tourism governance: A comparative analysis of policy implementation in Europe","volume":"47","author":"Crewett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2024.102805","article-title":"Self-governance mediates small-scale fishing strategies, vulnerability, and adaptive response","volume":"84","author":"Frawley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2009.12.001","article-title":"Institutional and ecological interplay for successful self-governance of community-based fisheries","volume":"69","author":"Basurto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2025.103622","article-title":"Mechanism of land trusteeship promoting farmers\u2019 collective action: A study based on social\u2013ecological systems framework","volume":"116","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2023.103089","article-title":"Farmland titling, farmland adjustment and rural collective action: Application of institutional analysis and development framework using evidence from China\u2019s irrigation commons","volume":"102","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.06.005","article-title":"The impacts of land fragmentation on irrigation collective action: Empirical test of the social-ecological system framework in China","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2024.107267","article-title":"Land reallocation and collective action in the commons: Application of social-ecological system framework with evidence from rural China","volume":"104","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2022.106262","article-title":"Effects of farmland use rights transfer on collective action in the commons: Evidence from rural China","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/0160-7383(94)90122-8","article-title":"The \u201cCommon Pool\u201d Problem in Tourism Landscapes","volume":"21","author":"Healy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1126\/science.162.3859.1243","article-title":"The tragedy of the commons","volume":"162","author":"Hardin","year":"1968","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"100999","article-title":"The trifecta of popular culture tourism: Pursuing eternal life among the living and undead","volume":"36","author":"Lundberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Destin. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhtm.2021.07.012","article-title":"Innovation capability and pioneering orientation in Peru\u2019s cultural heritage tourism destinations: Conflicting environmental effects","volume":"48","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"81","article-title":"Sustainable community-based tourism in Cambodia and tourists\u2019 willingness to pay","volume":"13","author":"Huck","year":"2020","journal-title":"ASEAS Austrian J. South East Asian Stud."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Varian, H.R. (2020). Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach, W. W. Norton & Company. [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"100547","article-title":"Cultural capital and rural tourism development: Evidence from ethnic minority villages in Southwest China","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"102871","article-title":"The role of cultural authenticity in rural tourism competitiveness: Evidence from Korean traditional villages","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding Institutional Diversity, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400831739"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106565","article-title":"The robustness mechanism of the rural social-ecological system in response to the impact of urbanization: Evidence from irrigation commons in China","volume":"178","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"45","article-title":"Social-ecological system framework: Initial changes and continuing challenges","volume":"12","author":"McGinnis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Soc. Ecol. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172133","article-title":"A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems","volume":"325","author":"Ostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Cole, D.H., Epstein, G., and McGinnis, M.D. (2014). Toward a New Institutional Analysis of Social-Ecological Systems (NIASES): Combining Elinor Ostrom\u2019s IAD and SES Frameworks; Indiana University-Bloomington School of Public & Environmental Affairs Research Paper Series (No. 14-07), Social Science Research Network."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2017.04.003","article-title":"Revitalizing traditional villages through rural tourism: A case study of Yuanjia Village, Shaanxi Province, China","volume":"63","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Kvale, S.S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/14780887.2013.801543","article-title":"Sampling in interview-based qualitative research: A theoretical and practical guide","volume":"11","author":"Robinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Qual. Res. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732316665344","article-title":"Code Saturation versus Meaning Saturation: How Many Interviews Are Enough?","volume":"27","author":"Hennink","year":"2017","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbin, J., and Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, Sage Publications. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452230153"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11992","article-title":"A systematic genome-wide analysis of zebrafish protein-coding gene function","volume":"496","author":"Kettleborough","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Strauss, A., and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Proceduresand Techniques, Sage. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Glaser, B.G. (1998). Doing Grounded Theory: Issues and Discussions, Sociology Press."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"9","article-title":"Triangulation in tourism research: A bibliometric study of top three tourism journals","volume":"12","author":"Koc","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1609406917733847","article-title":"Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria","volume":"16","author":"Nowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Methods"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"1243","article-title":"Participatory governance for sustainable tourism: A critical synthesis","volume":"196","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1","article-title":"Community empowerment and cultural commodification: A framework for sustainable tourism development","volume":"60","author":"Moscardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1086\/225585","article-title":"Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of Social Space in Tourist Settings","volume":"79","author":"MacCannell","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"103","article-title":"Authenticity and commodification in Japanese agritourism: The case of Shirakawa-go","volume":"87","author":"Timothy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"321","article-title":"Globalization and the McDonaldization of Culture: A Critical Analysis of Transnational Capital\u2019s Cultural Homogenization","volume":"26","author":"Ritzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. World Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"456","article-title":"Tech-driven differentiation in rural tourism: Evidence from Tuscany","volume":"61","author":"Gretzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"45","article-title":"Techno-Cultural Differentiation in Rural Tourism: Evidence from Tuscany and Hokkaido","volume":"62","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"689","article-title":"The Political Economy of Rural Tourism Development","volume":"27","author":"Moscardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"45","article-title":"Impact and adaptation of tourism commercialization on Naxi cultural identity: An empirical study based on Lijiang Ancient Town","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tour. Trib."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"78","article-title":"Government-led rural tourism development in China: Path dependence and innovative breakthroughs\u2014An empirical study of national demonstration villages","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"103","article-title":"Power asymmetry in rural tourism partnerships: Evidence from China","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rural Stud."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1023","article-title":"State-led vs. market-driven rural tourism: A comparative study of China and Europe","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sustain. Tour."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"100944","article-title":"Staged authenticity in rural tourism: A Chinese case study of cultural commodification","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.104040","article-title":"Exploring the relationship between government and destination competitiveness: The TALC model perspective","volume":"78","author":"Kubickova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2013.08.004","article-title":"A rhizomic approach to tourism destination evolution and transformation","volume":"41","author":"Pavlovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.04.166","article-title":"The sustainability of services: Considerations on the materiality of accommodation services from the concept of life cycle thinking","volume":"192","author":"Volpi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.04.009","article-title":"The evolution of mass tourism destinations: New approaches beyond deterministic models in Benidorm, Spain","volume":"34","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"219","article-title":"The Tourism Partnership Life Cycle in Estonia: Striving Toward Sustainable Multisectoral Rural Tourism Collaboration","volume":"31","author":"Pilving","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Manag. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.cje.a035024","article-title":"The management of common property resources: Collective action as an alternative to privatization or state regulation","volume":"11","author":"Wade","year":"1987","journal-title":"Camb. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Berkes, F. (1989). Common Property Resources: Ecology and Community-Based Sustainable Development, Belhaven Press."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"Tang, S.Y. (1992). Institutions and Collective Action: Self-Governance in Irrigation, ICS Press."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2018.12.042","article-title":"Effects of land fragmentation on the governance of the commons: Theory and evidence from 284 villages and 17 provinces in China","volume":"82","author":"Zanga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-13008-270136","article-title":"Migration and collective action in the commons: Application of social-ecological system framework with evidence from China","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.12.069","article-title":"Does sustainability enhance tourism destination competitiveness? Evidence from Italian Destinations of Excellence","volume":"111","author":"Cucculelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.05.027","article-title":"Tax system as a factor of tourism competitiveness: The case of Croatia","volume":"44","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/S2212-5671(12)00305-X","article-title":"Stimulating the potential of local resources in order to achieve competitiveness in Romanian tourism","volume":"3","author":"Botezat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., Li, Y., and Liu, Y. (2022). Common demand vs. limited supply: How to serve the global fight against COVID-19 through proper supply of COVID-19 vaccines. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031339"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/4\/287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:14:46Z","timestamp":1760030086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/4\/287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13040287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13040287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,15]]}}}