{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T19:48:12Z","timestamp":1772221692004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Graduate Education Guidance Committee for Professional Engineering Degree","award":["Secretariat of NGEGCPED [2019]-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Secretariat of NGEGCPED [2019]-20"]}]},{"name":"National Graduate Education Guidance Committee for Professional Engineering Degree","award":["23RKX0598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23RKX0598"]}]},{"name":"National Graduate Education Guidance Committee for Professional Engineering Degree","award":["Approval from SPDE [2022]-199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Approval from SPDE [2022]-199"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Secretariat of NGEGCPED [2019]-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Secretariat of NGEGCPED [2019]-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23RKX0598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23RKX0598"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Approval from SPDE [2022]-199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Approval from SPDE [2022]-199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","award":["Secretariat of NGEGCPED [2019]-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Secretariat of NGEGCPED [2019]-20"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","award":["23RKX0598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23RKX0598"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Department of Education","award":["Approval from SPDE [2022]-199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Approval from SPDE [2022]-199"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A megaproject is a complex technological-social-natural system, and its \u201cdouble-edged sword\u201d effect raises significant attention in research on system sustainability. However, prior studies often overlook the long-term characteristics of megaprojects, while paradox provides an effective lens for explaining their long-term evolution. Guided by a \u201ccontext-cognition-action\u201d analytical frame, this study employs an inductive and longitudinal case study approach to investigate the value creation process of a typical megaproject, focusing on paradoxical cognition, adaptive strategies, and core drivers of system sustainability. The findings reveal that \u201cmacro demand-tension cognition-adaptive governance\u201d is an efficient pathway for value creation under dynamic contexts. Importantly, paradoxical cognition uncovers multi-level tensions (macro, meso, micro) in value creation, with a complex shift from a single layer to a nested structure as macro demands intensify. Correspondingly, adaptive strategies exhibit distinct logic: from reactive strategies to proactive strategies. This shift drives the evolution from the \u201cProject\u2013City\u2013Environment\u201d composite system to the \u201cProject\u2013City\u2013Environment\u2013Region\u201d complex giant system. Furthermore, the evolution of responsibility is the core driver of system sustainability, characterized by a transition from intragenerational equity to intergenerational obligations driven by technological advancements. This study advances theoretical understanding of value creation and provides practical insights into the sustainable development of future megaprojects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13050334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T09:16:12Z","timestamp":1746090972000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["How to Ensure System Sustainability: Paradoxical Cognition and Adaptive Strategies for the Value Creation Process of Megaprojects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Faping","family":"Shui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0932-6563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoshui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duosi","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Development Center of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611830, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2015.09.005","article-title":"Power Plants as Megaprojects: Using Empirics to Shape Policy, Planning, and Construction Management","volume":"36","author":"Brookes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Util. 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