{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:14:52Z","timestamp":1760058892825,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42201132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42201132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantitative assessment of the ability of the ecosystem service (ES) and its driving forces is of great significance for achieving regional SDGs. In view of the scarcity of existing research that evaluates the sustainability of multiple ES types over a long time series at the township scale in a typical Watertown Region, this study aims to address two key scientific questions: (1) what are the spatiotemporal changes in the ecosystem service supply\u2013demand index (ESSDI) and ecosystem service sustainability index (ESSI) of a typical Watertown Region? and (2) what are the key factors driving the changes in ESSI? To answer the above two questions, this study takes the Yangtze River Delta Integrated Demonstration Zone (YRDIDZ) as the study area, utilizing multi-source remote sensing and other spatiotemporal geographical datasets to calculate the supply\u2013demand levels and sustainable development ability of different ES in the YRDIDZ from 2000 to 2020. The main findings were as follows: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the mean ESSDI values for habitat quality, carbon storage, crop production, water yield, and soil retention all showed a declining trend. (2) During the same period, the mean ESSI exhibited a fluctuating downward trend, decreasing from 0.31 in 2000 to 0.17 in 2020, with low-value areas expanding as built-up areas grew, while high-value areas were mainly distributed around Dianshan Lake, Yuandang, and parts of ecological land. (3) The primary driving factors within the YRDIDZ were human activity factors, including POP and GDP, with their five-period average explanatory powers being 0.44 and 0.26, whereas the explanatory power of natural factors was lower. However, the interaction of POP and soil showed higher explanatory power. The results of this study could provide actionable ways for regional sustainable governance: (1) prioritizing wetland protection and soil retention in high-population-density areas based on targeted land use quotas; (2) integrating ESSI coldspots (built-up expansion zones) into ecological redline adjustments, maintaining high green infrastructure coverage in new urban areas; and (3) establishing a population\u2013soil co-management framework in agricultural\u2013urban transition zones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13050340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T07:44:58Z","timestamp":1746171898000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Forces of the Ecosystem Service Sustainability in Typical Watertown Region of China from 2000 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0166-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1996-6281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianwan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Wanglong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]},{"given":"Litao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}]},{"given":"Eshetu","family":"Shifaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Wollo University, Dessie 1145, Ethiopia"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.04.003","article-title":"Evaluating conceptual definitions of ecosystem services and their implications","volume":"126","author":"Danley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.5484","article-title":"Characteristics and Framework for Assessing Supply and Demand Relationship for Ecosystem Services Using a Trade-off and Synergy Lens","volume":"36","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.113142","article-title":"Ecosystem services of wetlands in the upper Abbay River basin, Ethiopia","volume":"171","author":"Fentaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2024.105215","article-title":"A review of methods for quantifying urban ecosystem services","volume":"253","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolander, C., and Lundmark, R. (2024). A Review of Forest Ecosystem Services and Their Spatial Value Characteristics. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15060919"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2020.101177","article-title":"Ecosystem services and ecosystem degradation: Environmentalist\u2019s expectation?","volume":"45","author":"Delgado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2016.06.016","article-title":"The ecological economics of land degradation: Impacts on ecosystem service values","volume":"129","author":"Sutton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2956","article-title":"Contribution of urbanization to warming in China","volume":"6","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaau9413","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau9413","article-title":"Forty years of reform and opening up: China\u2019s progress toward a sustainable path","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2024). China Statistical Yearbook (2024)."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"United Nations (2014). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2013 Revision, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Z., Ren, H., Zha, C., and Eshetu, S. (2024). Monitoring Spatio-Temporal Variations of Ponds in Typical Rural Area in the Huai River Basin of China. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16010039"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102676","article-title":"Assisted tree migration can reduce but not avert the decline of forest ecosystem services in Europe","volume":"80","author":"Mauri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2019.02.009","article-title":"Ecosystem service decline in response to wetland loss in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China","volume":"130","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108704","article-title":"Towards ecosystem service assessment: Developing biophysical indicators for forest ecosystem services","volume":"137","author":"Tiemann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedeschi, L., Johnson, D., Atzori, A., Kaniyamattam, K., and Menendez, H. (2024). Applying Systems Thinking to Sustainable Beef Production Management: Modeling-Based Evidence for Enhancing Ecosystem Services. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12110446"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, W., and Shu, C. (2024). Integrating System Perspectives to Optimize Ecosystem Service Provision in Urban Ecological Development. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12090375"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Li, L., and Wei, H. (2023). Coupling Landscape Connectedness, Ecosystem Service Value, and Resident Welfare in Xining City, Western China. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11100512"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106286","article-title":"Evaluation of the cultural ecosystem services of wetland park","volume":"114","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2022.108800","article-title":"Assessment of ecosystem services in new perspective: A comprehensive ecosystem service index (CESI) as a proxy to integrate multiple ecosystem services","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2024.101664","article-title":"A comparative analysis of ecosystem service values from various rice farming systems: A field experiment in China","volume":"70","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2023.103484","article-title":"Simulation and analysis of ecological early-warning of urban construction land expansion based on digital sensing feature recognition and remote sensing spatial analysis technology","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth Parts A\/B\/C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173524","article-title":"Ecosystem services dynamics and their influencing factors: Synergies\/tradeoffs interactions and implications, the case of upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia","volume":"938","author":"Eshetu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-019-00324-z","article-title":"Multiple-Purchaser Payments for Ecosystem Services: An Exploration Using Spatial Simulation Modelling","volume":"74","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2016.07.003","article-title":"Economic valuation of ecosystem services in Mexico: Current status and trends","volume":"21","author":"Galicia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s11355-024-00603-y","article-title":"Economic valuation of ecosystem services in canola agroecosystems","volume":"20","author":"Shahimoridi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Shen, X., Xu, H., and Aili, A. (2025). Dynamics of ecosystem service values in the Tarim River Basin. Front. Environ. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1484950"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.08.002","article-title":"An assessment method of ecosystem services based on stakeholders perceptions: The Rapid Ecosystem Services Participatory Appraisal (RESPA)","volume":"28","author":"Salles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035015","DOI":"10.1088\/2515-7620\/ad2a8d","article-title":"The spatiotemporal changes and trade-off synergistic effects of ecosystem services in the Jianghan Plain of China under different scenarios","volume":"6","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-021-01285-9","article-title":"Integrating ecosystem service supply and demand into ecological risk assessment: A comprehensive framework and case study","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2022.101487","article-title":"Valuing cultural ecosystem services combining deep learning and benefit transfer approach","volume":"58","author":"Lingua","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153662","article-title":"Monitoring ecosystem services in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area based on multi-temporal deep learning","volume":"822","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112420","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of ecological benefits coupling remote sensing ecological index and ecosystem services index","volume":"166","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2024.12.064","article-title":"A comparative assessment of remote sensing based land cover products for economic valuation of ecosystem services of Hyrcanian forests","volume":"75","author":"Garshasbi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Yang, L., and Mi, J. (2024). Detecting the effects of opencast mining on ecosystem services value in arid and semi-arid areas based on time-series remote sensing images and Google Earth Engine (GEE). BMC Ecol. Evol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-024-02213-6"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e02942","article-title":"Analysis of spatial-temporal variations of grassland gross ecosystem product based on machine learning algorithm and multi-source remote sensing data: A case study of Xilinhot, China","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-024-10029-w","article-title":"Community-based valuation of wetland ecosystem services: Insights from Bamenda, Cameroon","volume":"33","author":"Dingha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-022-09904-x","article-title":"Quantitative remote sensing of forest ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa\u2019s urban landscapes: A review","volume":"194","author":"Mngadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2022.2088652","article-title":"A systematic review on the use of remote sensing technologies in quantifying grasslands ecosystem services","volume":"59","author":"Masenyama","year":"2022","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.124117","article-title":"Multi-scale urban ecosystem service changes and their impact mechanisms on human well-being","volume":"374","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123966","article-title":"Emergy-based valuation of glacier ecosystem services: A case from the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"374","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-110615-085831","article-title":"Valuing Cultural Ecosystem Services","volume":"41","author":"Hirons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2025.101702","article-title":"Using georeferenced text from social media to map the cultural ecosystem services of freshwater ecosystems","volume":"72","author":"Comalada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129773","article-title":"Development of a decision framework for river health and water yield ecosystem service in watershed","volume":"623","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.117155","article-title":"Ecosystem carbon sequestration service supports the Sustainable Development Goals progress","volume":"330","author":"Yin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2022.101416","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in economic evaluation of payments for water and carbon ecosystem services","volume":"54","author":"Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecosyst. Serv."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ufug.2025.128669","article-title":"Tree-cover dynamics in a rapidly urbanising tropical mega-city\u2014Are trees of greater biodiversity and ecosystem service value less likely to be lost?","volume":"104","author":"Thaweepworadej","year":"2025","journal-title":"Urban For. Urban Green."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123442","article-title":"Growing mismatches of supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Netherlands","volume":"373","author":"Knegt","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren, E., Lin, W., Li, B., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Yu, Y. (2024). Regional Ecological Security Assessment Based on the Pressure\u2013State\u2013Response Framework: The Demonstration Zone of Yangtze River Delta as an Example. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13010096"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0345-6","article-title":"Depth-to-bedrock map of China at a spatial resolution of 100\u2009meters","volume":"7","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"National Tibetan Plateau\/Third Pole Environnent Data Center (2019). China Soil Map Based Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) (v1.1) (2009), National Tibetan Plateau\/Third Pole Environnent Data Center."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"120","article-title":"Spatialization Approach to 1km Grid GDP Supported by Remote Sensing","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111395","article-title":"Divergent shifts in peak photosynthesis timing of temperate and alpine grasslands in China","volume":"233","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Louis, V., Page, S., Tansey, K., Jones, L., Bika, K., and Balzter, H. (2024). Tiger Habitat Quality Modelling in Malaysia with Sentinel-2 and InVEST. Remote Sens., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs16020284"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"9430","article-title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of supply-demand of ecosystem services in the demonstration zone of green and integrated ecological development of the Yangtze River Delta from the perspective of water-energy-food nexus","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"2236","article-title":"Spatial-temporal patterns of supply and demand of ecosystem services in the ecological function area of Qin-Ba Mountains","volume":"32","author":"Ding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1001","article-title":"Multi-scenario prediction of habitat quality in Nanjing based on FLUS and InVEST models","volume":"39","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"62","article-title":"Evaluation on water source conservation capacity and analysis of its variation characteristics of Taihu Lake Basin based on InVEST model","volume":"34","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Resour. Prot."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"82","article-title":"Research of Carbon Storage Changes in Terrestrial Ecosystems Based on InVEST Model in the Yangtze River Delta Region","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Xiaozhuang Univ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2023.2243916","article-title":"Soil erosion assessment by RUSLE model using remote sensing and GIS in an arid zone","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Digit. Earth"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"145","article-title":"Spatial-temporal pattern and regional regulation of supply and demand of ecosystem services in the Yangtze River Delta integration demonstration zone","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. East China Norm. Univ. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"86","article-title":"Practical Research on Carbon Dioxide Emission Calculation in Iron and Steel Industry","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Goodchild, M.F. (1986). Spatial Autocorrelation. Catmog 47, Geo Books, University of East Anglia."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Griffith, D. (1987). Spatial Autocorrelation: A Primer. Resource Publications in Geography, Association of American Geographers."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics","volume":"24","author":"Getis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","article-title":"Local Spatial Autocorrelation Statistics: Distributional Issues and an Application","volume":"27","author":"Ord","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","article-title":"Local indicators of spatial association-LISA","volume":"27","author":"Anselin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1080\/03610929708831995","article-title":"A spatial scan statistic","volume":"26","author":"Kulldorff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Theory Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, J., Tang, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, W., Jin, B., Xi, X., Wang, F., Zhang, R., Guo, B., and Xu, Z. (2022). Spatiotemporal and Multiscale Analysis of the Coupling Coordination Degree between Economic Development Equality and Eco-Environmental Quality in China from 2001 to 2020. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14030737"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation of NDVI in vegetation growing season and its responses to climate factors in mid and eastern Gansu Province from 2008 to 2016","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arid. Land Geogr."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2016.02.052","article-title":"A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity","volume":"67","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.144006","article-title":"Spatial heterogeneity of ecosystem service bundles and the driving factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region","volume":"479","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.111803","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of ecosystem services in the upper Fenhe watershed, China","volume":"160","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-024-12397-5","article-title":"Spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of ecosystem services\u2019 transformation in the Yellow River basin, China","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.114835","article-title":"Driving factors of ecosystem services and their spatiotemporal change assessment based on land use types in the Loess Plateau","volume":"311","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111230","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dislocation of ecosystem supply and demand services from habitat quality under different development scenarios","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108439","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation of essential ecosystem services and their trade-off\/synergy along with rapid urbanization in the Lower Pearl River Basin, China","volume":"133","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09404-4","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of the habitat quality dynamics in Yellow River Basin, China","volume":"193","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2023.103101","article-title":"Integrating water quantity- and quality-related ecosystem services into water scarcity assessment: A multi-scenario analysis in the Taihu Basin of China","volume":"160","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q., and Wang, Q. (2021). Water Ecosystem Service Quality Evaluation and Value Assessment of Taihu Lake in China. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13050618"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"805","article-title":"The eutrophication variation analysis of Dianshan Lake from 2000 to 2020","volume":"45","author":"Lun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut. Control"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2023.111378","article-title":"Identification of bundles and driving factors of ecosystem services at multiple scales in the eastern China region","volume":"158","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.130466","article-title":"Spatio-temporal variations of ecosystem services and their drivers in the Pearl River Delta, China","volume":"337","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136448","article-title":"Multilevel driving factors affecting ecosystem services and biodiversity dynamics on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"396","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, M., Wu, L., Li, F., and Lin, C. (2022). Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Ecosystem Services and the Driving Factors in Urban Agglomerations: Evidence from 12 National Urban Agglomerations in China. Front. Ecol. Evol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2022.804969"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/5\/340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:26:08Z","timestamp":1760030768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/5\/340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13050340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13050340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]}}}