{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:40:24Z","timestamp":1772754024456,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pakistan\u2019s banking sector faces a critical juncture as rising competition intersects with uneven efficiency, jeopardizing financial stability. This study employs a two-stage empirical framework: (1) evaluating cost-efficiency (CE) evolution via a novel stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) framework incorporating desirable and undesirable outputs (e.g., nonperforming loans) and (2) assessing competition\u2019s impact using a novel multi-product Lerner index across loan, deposit, and asset markets, analyzed via a two-step dynamic panel data system generalized method of moments. The first stage reveals an average CE of 81%, with significant ownership-based disparities. The second stage shows that market power enhances CE overall, supporting the banking-specificity hypothesis, suggesting that regulators balance competition with operational scale benefits. However, market power exhibits duality such as elevating CE in high-efficiency quartile banks but reducing it in low-efficiency quartile ones, confirming the efficient structure hypothesis. This highlights the need for policies promoting efficiency-driven consolidation and addressing structural bottlenecks in underperforming banks. Bank-specific and macroeconomic factors also significantly influence CE. The findings offer a policy roadmap to cultivate a competitive, efficient banking ecosystem, fostering sustainable economic growth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13050354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T11:38:06Z","timestamp":1746531486000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Unraveling the Nexus Between Competition and Banking Efficiency in an Emerging Economy: A Two-Stage Stochastic Frontier Analysis Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Mateen","family":"Naveed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"given":"Tingli","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8070-976X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohaib","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangtang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Library, Wenzhou University of Technology, Wenzhou 325027, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3147","DOI":"10.1080\/00036840802112315","article-title":"Impact of financial reforms on efficiency of state-owned, private and foreign banks in Pakistan","volume":"42","author":"Burki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. 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