{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T19:32:57Z","timestamp":1779391977305,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Found of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20BJY038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BJY038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Found of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23BGL039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BGL039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Found of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22YJC630205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC630205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Found of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HBSKJJ20243242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBSKJJ20243242"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Found of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2722022BQ047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2722022BQ047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["20BJY038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BJY038"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["23BGL039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BGL039"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJC630205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC630205"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["HBSKJJ20243242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBSKJJ20243242"]}]},{"name":"Youth Fund for Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["2722022BQ047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2722022BQ047"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Found of Hubei Province","award":["20BJY038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BJY038"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Found of Hubei Province","award":["23BGL039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BGL039"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Found of Hubei Province","award":["22YJC630205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC630205"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Found of Hubei Province","award":["HBSKJJ20243242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBSKJJ20243242"]}]},{"name":"Social Science Found of Hubei Province","award":["2722022BQ047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2722022BQ047"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","award":["20BJY038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BJY038"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","award":["23BGL039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23BGL039"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","award":["22YJC630205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJC630205"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","award":["HBSKJJ20243242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HBSKJJ20243242"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Zhongnan University of Economics and Law","award":["2722022BQ047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2722022BQ047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid emergence of the platform economy has accelerated the practice of embedded innovation, with ecosystem partner selection serving as a critical first step in platform enterprises\u2019 innovation collaborations and playing a key role in enhancing innovation efficiency and outcomes. Based on the theory of embedded innovation, this study identifies the core innovation demands of platform enterprises at distinct stages. It then employs QFD to quantify decision indicator weights for ecosystem partner selection. By integrating Prospect Theory with Field Theory, this study develops both a decision evaluation model and an optimization model to achieve the optimal screening of ecosystem partners. Specifically, this study contributes in the following ways: (1) It constructs an embedded innovation direction selection model to uncover the evolving innovation demands at each stage. Within the QFD framework, we map these demands onto selection evaluation indicators, assess their importance via the maximum entropy principle, and determine indicator weights through a correlation matrix. (2) It proposes a Prospect Theory-based TOPSIS evaluation model, incorporating decision-makers\u2019 psychological preferences to mitigate bias arising from singular or excessive risk attitudes. This model ranks potential partners according to their closeness to an ideal solution. Finally, (3) it designs a Field Theory-based optimization model that accounts for the platform enterprise\u2019s perspective, partner-matching rationality, and continuity of interaction. This model emphasizes the complementarity and synergy of innovation resources to enhance cooperation fit and strategic alignment between the platform and its partners. Finally, this study conducts an empirical analysis on platform enterprise XM and validates the model\u2019s feasibility and stability through sensitivity testing and comparative analyses. This study enriches the understanding of ecosystem partner selection within platform ecosystems by advancing methods for quantifying partner demands and refining the selection of evaluation indicators. It also deepens the depiction of non-rational characteristics in behavioral decision-making and elucidates the mechanisms underlying the ongoing interactions between platform enterprises and their ecosystem partners. These theoretical contributions not only extend the scope of research on platform ecosystems and embedded innovation but also provide feasible approaches for platform enterprises to improve partner governance and foster collaborative innovation in dynamic and complex environments. Ultimately, the findings offer strong support for enhancing innovation performance and building sustainable competitive advantages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13060401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T12:15:43Z","timestamp":1747916143000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimizing Ecosystem Partner Selection Decisions for Platform Enterprises: An Embedded Innovation Demand-Driven Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8175-6193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoji","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renyong","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Finance, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan 430073, China"},{"name":"Hubei Digital Industrial Economy Development Research Center, Wuhan 430068, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11846-023-00638-9","article-title":"Digital innovation in entrepreneurial firms: A systematic literature review","volume":"18","author":"Felicetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srisathan, W.A., Ketkaew, C., Jitjak, W., Ngiwphrom, S., and Naruetharadhol, P. (2022). Open innovation as a strategy for collaboration-based business model innovation: The moderating effect among multigenerational entrepreneurs. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265025"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, X.W., Xia, M., Li, X.X., Lin, H., and Xie, Z.M. (2022). How Innovation Ecosystem Synergy Degree Influences Technology Innovation Performance\u2014Evidence from China\u2019s High-Tech Industry. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10040124"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.3250","article-title":"Platform ecosystems as meta-organizations: Implications for platform strategies","volume":"43","author":"Kretschmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.102187","article-title":"How digital platform capability affects the innovation performance of SMEs\u2014Evidence from China","volume":"72","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3","article-title":"Research on Embedded Innovation Paradigm","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, N., and Niu, L. (2024). The Impact of the Industrial Innovation Ecosystem on Innovation Performance\u2014Using the Equipment Manufacturing Industry as an Example. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12120578"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2023.104949","article-title":"Focusing the ecosystem lens on innovation studies","volume":"53","author":"Baldwin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bar.2018.12.001","article-title":"Governance and control of sharing economy platforms: Hosting on Airbnb","volume":"51","author":"Leoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. Account. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-04-2023-0608","article-title":"Specialised complementary assets and disruptive innovation: Digital capability and ecosystem embeddedness","volume":"62","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2904","article-title":"Towards a theory of ecosystems","volume":"39","author":"Jacobides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2022.1615","article-title":"Value creation trade-off in business ecosystems: Leveraging complementarities while managing interdependencies","volume":"34","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12682","article-title":"Grand challenges and platform ecosystems: Scaling solutions for wicked ecological and societal problems","volume":"41","author":"Ritala","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2017.2757","article-title":"Innovation, openness, and platform control","volume":"64","author":"Parker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2971","article-title":"Impact of reputation on complementors\u2019 entry platform strategy: Evidence from app and platform applets","volume":"43","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Eng. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2015.1138365","article-title":"Platform desertion by app developers","volume":"32","author":"Tiwana","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.121431","article-title":"A conceptual framework of two-stage partner selection in platform-based innovation ecosystems for servitization","volume":"262","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17093","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-023-08870-x","article-title":"A study on two-sided matching game of virtual business partners based on heterogeneous multi-attribute preferences and subject\u2019s psychological behavior","volume":"27","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"126","article-title":"Research on Member Selection Mechanism of Virtual Alliance and Collaborative Manufacturing Problem among Alliance Enterprises under Public Service Platform","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2016.09.323","article-title":"Design of a customer\u2019s type based algorithm for partner selection problem of virtual enterprise","volume":"95","author":"Nikghadam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.12.040","article-title":"Mechanism for cooperative partner selection: Dual-factor theory perspective","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889038","DOI":"10.1080\/17517575.2021.1889038","article-title":"A partner selection framework for strategic alliances based on project complexity and partner\u2019s past experience","volume":"16","author":"Deniaud","year":"2022","journal-title":"Enterp. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"70","article-title":"Research on the Selection of Cross-border E-Commerce Strategic Alliance Partner Based on Fuzzy Relationship Matrix","volume":"33","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Trade Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"137","article-title":"A Novel Field Model for Ecological Partner Selection of Strategic Alliance Based on Dual Combination Weighting and Digital Transformation","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6983","DOI":"10.1007\/s40747-024-01500-5","article-title":"A novel BWM-entropy-COPRAS group decision framework with spherical fuzzy information for digital supply chain partner selection","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Complex Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1108\/K-05-2018-0266","article-title":"A partner selection model for collaborative product innovation from the viewpoint of knowledge collaboration","volume":"49","author":"Jian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"23","article-title":"Partners Selection in the Cooperative Innovation of Cluster Enterprises Based on Knowledge-associated Evaluation Index System and Improved ELMAN Neural Network Model","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"104","article-title":"Research on the Selection of Potential Partners of Innovation Consortium","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Complex Syst. Complex Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"179","article-title":"The optimization decision-making analysis for partners in innovation based on SVM-TOPSIS","volume":"39","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Harbin Eng. Univ."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"46","article-title":"Research on Comprehensive Decision of Virtual Enterprise for Product Life Circle","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2018.12.041","article-title":"Research on partner combination selection of the supply chain collaborative product innovation based on product innovative resources","volume":"128","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.5267\/j.dsl.2017.12.002","article-title":"A robust fuzzy possibilistic AHP approach for partner selection in international strategic alliance","volume":"7","author":"Salamat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Decis. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2164","article-title":"Research on partner identification for technology convergence: Based on multi-layer network link prediction","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"202","article-title":"Selection of Virtual Enterprise Partners Based on Fuzzy Information Axiom and Cloud Model","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Res. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2024.103245","article-title":"Partner selection for supply chain collaboration: New data envelopment analysis models","volume":"132","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.01.072","article-title":"A novel network optimization partner selection method based on collaborative and knowledge networks","volume":"484","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"179","article-title":"Research of Knowledge Sharing Partner Selection in Cluster Enterprises Based on Invisible Contract","volume":"26","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2016.0228","article-title":"Disentangling strategic consensus: Strategic consensus types, psychological bonds, and their effects on strategic climate","volume":"47","author":"Bragaw","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, C.W., Lv, W.D., and Wang, J.L. (2023). The Impact of Digital Technology Innovation Network Embedding on Firms\u2019 Innovation Performance: The Role of Knowledge Acquisition and Digital Transformation. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15086938"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.Y., Zheng, Q.H., Deng, Y., and Wang, Z.J. (2025). How Intelligent Transformation Empowers Innovation Quality Improvement in Manufacturing Enterprises: A Resource Orchestration Perspective. Systems, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13020116"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, G.N. (2024). Knowledge Element Relationship and Value Co-Creation in the Innovation Ecosystem. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16104273"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-023-09879-4","article-title":"Nexus of digital platforms, innovation capability, and strategic alignment to enhance innovation performance in the Asia Pacific region: A dynamic capability perspective","volume":"41","author":"Sarwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122338","article-title":"Promoting value emergence through digital platform ecosystems: Perspectives on resource integration in China","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"261","article-title":"An exploration from the ecological perspective on how enterprises can integrate digital and physical resources?","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2024.114854","article-title":"Making platform firms\u2019 competitive advantage sustainable: The roles of network orchestration capabilities and collaborative innovation","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2022.100266","article-title":"Impact of eco-embeddedness and strategic flexibility on innovation performance of non-core firms: The perspective of ecological legitimacy","volume":"7","author":"Zang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innov. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113643","article-title":"Construction of partner selection criteria in sustainable supply chains: A systematic optimization model","volume":"158","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"165","article-title":"Research on ecological partner selection of ICT enterprises under the background of digital transformation: Based on prospect theory and field theory","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozkan, B., Jungerius, N., Adali, O.E., and Turetken, O. (2025). Value cocreation\u2013oriented digital platform design: A method for requirements elicitation and platform assessment. Prod. Plann. Control, early access.","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2025.2456965"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric Theory, McGraw-Hill. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2017.06.006","article-title":"A Customer-Based Supplier Selection Process That Combines Quality Function Deployment, the Analytic Network Process and a Markov Chain","volume":"263","author":"Asadabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"2627","article-title":"Selection of virtual enterprise partner driven by requirements","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Control Decis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Li, Y.H., and Fan, Z.P. (2023). Demand-driven NEV supplier selection: An integrated method based on ontology\u2013QFD\u2013CBR. Front. Energy Res., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2022.958885"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2023.01.070","article-title":"Sustainable supplier selection using an intuitionistic and interval-valued fuzzy MCDM approach based on cumulative prospect theory","volume":"626","author":"Chai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Lu, C., and Wang, S.M. (2024). An integrated decision-making model for green supplier selection based on AIOWA\u2013CRITIC and CPT\u2013TOPSIS: A case study of China. Kybernetes, early access.","DOI":"10.1108\/K-04-2024-1110"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122574","article-title":"Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty","volume":"5","author":"Tversky","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Risk Uncertain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132390","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3449848","article-title":"Greenization and digitization transformation of hydrogen energy technology based on a fuzzy decision-making model","volume":"12","author":"Wan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"3250","article-title":"The trust field model of partner selection in virtual enterprises","volume":"34","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Eng.\u2013Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1108\/K-06-2021-0436","article-title":"Joint pricing and ordering decisions for a loss-averse retailer with quantity-oriented reference point effect and demand uncertainty: A distribution-free approach","volume":"52","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1108\/K-06-2023-0987","article-title":"Research on the knowledge transfer mechanism of digital platforms in the digital innovation ecosystem: An improved SIR model embedded in symbiosis theory","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"94","article-title":"Optimization of multi-subject collaborative innovation path in value co-creation on multi-sided digital reading platforms: A platform ecosystem perspective","volume":"4","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci.-Technol. Publ."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"74","article-title":"How do science and technology platforms drive the operation of digital innovation ecosystems: An exploratory case study based on Alibaba Cloud","volume":"18","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Manag. Case Stud."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1108\/K-08-2023-1495","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-driven bioenergy system: Digital green innovation partner selection of bioenergy enterprises based on interval fuzzy field model","volume":"54","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kybernetes"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2024.109337","article-title":"Competition and cooperation in a platform-based business ecosystem within complementary partners","volume":"275","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, L.X., Nordin, N., Zhao, S.W., Gu, X.H., and Zhao, Y. (2025). TOPSIS prefabricated building construction evaluation based on interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy numbers and prospect theory. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85729-1"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/radm.12494","article-title":"Governance mechanisms implementation in the evolution of digital platforms: A case study of the Internet of Things platform","volume":"52","author":"Mei","year":"2021","journal-title":"R&D Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2022.2136542","article-title":"Dynamic capabilities for transitioning from product platform ecosystem to innovation platform ecosystem","volume":"33","author":"Haki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/401\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:38:44Z","timestamp":1760031524000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13060401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13060401","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]]}}}