{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T09:13:15Z","timestamp":1768727595919,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amid China\u2019s \u201cdual carbon\u201d goals of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, understanding the spatial dynamics of carbon emissions is essential for promoting coordinated regional decarbonization. This study takes a systems perspective to investigate the drivers and network structures of carbon emissions across 31 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2022. Utilizing a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) alongside social network analysis (SNA), it examines both the spatial spillover effects of key economic and innovation-related factors and the structural characteristics of interprovincial carbon transmission networks. The main findings include the following: (1) a significant spatial autocorrelation in provincial carbon emissions, indicating strong cross-regional spillover effects; (2) a nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship between green innovation and carbon emissions, where emissions initially rise before declining as innovation matures; (3) a dual impact of human capital, which increases local emissions but reduces emissions in neighboring regions through knowledge diffusion; and (4) the identification of key provinces such as Shaanxi, Henan and Hubei as central nodes within the carbon emission network, acting as influential hubs in the transmission of carbon emissions. This study highlights the importance of differentiated policy design based on regional network centrality and advocates for a systemic governance framework that promotes technology diffusion, talent mobility, and collaborative emission control across provinces. The integrated SDM-SNA approach provides a novel perspective for understanding the complexity of carbon governance in large economies and offers a flexible framework that can be adapted to other national or subnational settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13060410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T09:29:36Z","timestamp":1748338176000},"page":"410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Systems Approach to Carbon Emission Networks and Spatial Spillovers in China: Evidence from 31 Provinces Using the Spatial Durbin Model and Social Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi-Yu","family":"Weng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Siu Lin Business School, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Cheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tan Siu Lin Business School, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6366-8532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Do","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Trade, Konkuk Uiversity, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111779","article-title":"Policy spillover effect and action mechanism for environmental rights trading on green innovation: Evidence from China\u2019s carbon emissions trading policy","volume":"153","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.111002","article-title":"Institutional quality, green innovation and energy efficiency","volume":"135","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2022.103051","article-title":"Environmental regulation and green innovation: Evidence from China\u2019s carbon emissions trading policy","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121417","article-title":"Factors affecting carbon emissions in emerging economies in the context of a green recovery: Implications for sustainable development goals","volume":"176","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116423","article-title":"Spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and spillover effects of China\u2019s regional carbon emissions","volume":"325","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e678","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.678","article-title":"Low-carbon transition risks for finance","volume":"12","author":"Semieniuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-023-01440-y","article-title":"Job creation in a low carbon transition to renewables and energy efficiency: A review of international evidence","volume":"19","author":"Hanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12551","article-title":"Financial stability, stranded assets and the low-carbon transition\u2014A critical review of the theoretical and applied literatures","volume":"38","author":"Daumas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Gan, X., Wan, Y., Jin, L., Teng, J., and Li, Z. (2024). China contributed to low-carbon development: Carbon emission increased but carbon intensity decreased. Front. Ecol. Evol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2024.1338742"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113955","article-title":"Pathways to achieve carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality by 2060: A case study in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China","volume":"189","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.119949","article-title":"Impacts of industrial structure and technical progress on carbon emission intensity: Evidence from 281 cities in China","volume":"154","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123646","article-title":"A multi-objective optimization approach for interprovincial carbon emission reduction in China: Considering industrial structure and ownership attributes","volume":"373","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2025.115329","article-title":"Evaluation and mitigation of carbon emissions in energy industry","volume":"212","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122383","article-title":"Can China\u2019s policy of carbon emission trading promote carbon emission reduction?","volume":"270","author":"Xuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.3114","article-title":"Turning \u201cgreen\u201d into \u201cgold\u201d: A study on the impact of green finance pilot zone policy on energy carbon emission efficiency","volume":"33","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2020.11.008","article-title":"Determinants of carbon emission in China: How good is green investment?","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Prod. Consum."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2024.102121","article-title":"The carbon emission reduction effect of renewable resource utilization: From the perspective of green innovation","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202112835","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202112835","article-title":"Green carbon science: Efficient carbon resource processing, utilization, and recycling towards carbon neutrality","volume":"134","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2022.103255","article-title":"Impact of carbon emission price and natural resources development on the green economic recovery: Fresh insights from China","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Tsai, S.-B., Zhai, Y., Zhou, J., Yu, J., Chang, L.-C., Li, G., Zheng, Y., and Wang, J. (2018). An empirical study on low-carbon: Human capital performance evaluation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010062"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70048","DOI":"10.1002\/tqem.70048","article-title":"Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Reducing Carbon Emissions for Sustainable Practices","volume":"34","author":"Faeni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Qual. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Kim, S., and Kim, E. (2021). Voluntary disclosure of carbon emissions and sustainable existence of firms: With a focus on human capital of internal control system. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13179955"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"237","article-title":"Behavioral Change Supporting Human Resource Management for Achieving Carbon Emission Reduction","volume":"25","author":"Andhella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Qual.-Access Success"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2021.105269","article-title":"Heterogeneous green innovations and carbon emission performance: Evidence at China\u2019s city level","volume":"99","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9310.2011.00672.x","article-title":"Green innovation in technology and innovation management\u2014An exploratory literature review","volume":"42","author":"Schiederig","year":"2012","journal-title":"R&D Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2024.114344","article-title":"Green innovation and carbon emission performance: The role of digital economy","volume":"195","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017-021-00244-x","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for carbon neutrality in China","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108111","article-title":"Human capital management 4.0: Literature review and trends","volume":"168","author":"Soltovski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.35877\/454RI.qems1067","article-title":"Digital transformation in human resource management in the industrial age 4.0","volume":"3","author":"Sakarina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quant. Econ. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.116523","article-title":"Optimizing carbon emission forecast for modelling China\u2019s 2030 provincial carbon emission quota allocation","volume":"325","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139885","article-title":"The spatial spillover effects and equity of carbon emissions of digital economy in China","volume":"434","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apr.2018.06.003","article-title":"Spatial analysis on carbon emission abatement capacity at provincial level in China from 1997 to 2014: An empirical study based on SDM model","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.233","article-title":"A study on embodied carbon transfer at the provincial level of China from a social network perspective","volume":"225","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Gao, M., Liu, J., and Fan, W. (2018). The spatial network structure of China\u2019s regional carbon emissions and its network effect. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11102706"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08911-0","article-title":"Analyzing carbon emission transfer network structure among provinces in China: New evidence from social network analysis","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1108\/MEQ-07-2021-0175","article-title":"Recent advances in the relationship between economic development and carbon emissions","volume":"33","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146089","article-title":"The impact of cross-region industrial structure optimization on economy, carbon emissions and energy consumption: A case of the Yangtze River Delta","volume":"778","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.122598","article-title":"Industrialization, urbanization, and innovation: Nonlinear drivers of carbon emissions in Chinese cities","volume":"358","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.uclim.2024.101934","article-title":"Do population-related factors matter for carbon emissions? Lessons from different income groups of countries","volume":"55","author":"Pickson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Urban Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123124","article-title":"Technology-driven carbon reduction: Analyzing the impact of digital technology on China\u2019s carbon emission and its mechanism","volume":"200","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2024.131041","article-title":"The impact of different transportation infrastructures on urban carbon emissions: Evidence from China","volume":"295","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.104945","article-title":"Environmental regulation and carbon emissions: New mechanisms in game theory","volume":"149","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X211053913","article-title":"The impact of China\u2019s financial expenditure on energy and carbon emission efficiency: Applying a meta-dynamic non-radial directional distance function","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63155","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20003-9","article-title":"Environmental R&D and trade-adjusted carbon emissions: Evaluating the role of international trade","volume":"29","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2649","article-title":"Financial development, carbon dioxide emissions, and sustainable development","volume":"32","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2022.108166","article-title":"Effects of linking national carbon markets on international macroeconomics: An open-economy E-DSGE model","volume":"169","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2020.101844","article-title":"What prevents us from taking low-carbon actions? A comprehensive review of influencing factors affecting low-carbon behaviors","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.igd.2023.100038","article-title":"Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: Dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables","volume":"2","author":"Raihan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Innov. Green Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2023.101218","article-title":"The digital economy, industrial structure upgrading, and carbon emission intensity\u2014Empirical evidence from China\u2019s provinces","volume":"50","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pachiyappan, D., Ansari, Y., Alam, S., Thoudam, P., Alagirisamy, K., and Manigandan, P. (2021). Short and long-run causal effects of CO2 emissions, energy use, GDP and population growth: Evidence from India using the ARDL and VECM approaches. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14248333"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22391-4","article-title":"The relationship between renewable energy consumption, technological innovations, and carbon dioxide emission: Evidence from two-step system GMM","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, T., Song, Z., Zhou, J., Sun, H., and Liu, F. (2022). Low-carbon transition and green innovation: Evidence from pilot cities in China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127264"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"17","article-title":"Green Soft Power? Checking in on China as a Responsible Stakeholder","volume":"1","author":"Longhurst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol. Political Sci. Yearb."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, A., Zheng, S., Cai, L., Yang, H., and Comite, U. (2021). How does green technology innovation affect carbon emissions? A spatial econometric analysis of China\u2019s provincial panel data. Front. Environ. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.813811"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, X., Zhao, Y., Ahmad, M., Ahmed, Z., Rjoub, H., and Adebayo, T.S. (2021). Linking innovative human capital, economic growth, and CO2 emissions: An empirical study based on Chinese provincial panel data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168503"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, P., Zhou, K., Zhang, H., Ma, Z., and Li, J. (2023). The cause and correlation network of air pollution from a spatial perspective: Evidence from the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei region. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043626"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grossman, G.M., and Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement, National Bureau of Economic Research.","DOI":"10.3386\/w3914"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3692","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2620","article-title":"The impact of political competition on green innovation: A new insight into sustainable development","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Solangi, Y.A., and Ali, S. (2023). Evaluating the factors of green finance to achieve carbon peak and carbon neutrality targets in China: A delphi and fuzzy AHP approach. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15032721"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.130204","article-title":"Is policy uncertainty always harmful?-Empirical evidence from China\u2019s energy policy and city green transition","volume":"291","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjpre.2022.06.001","article-title":"Does the digital economy contribute to carbon emissions reduction? A city-level spatial analysis in China","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Popul. Resour. Environ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.26.110195.000245","article-title":"The concept of environmental sustainability","volume":"26","author":"Goodland","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, H., and Shao, S. (2024). Impact of green innovation on carbon reduction in China. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64554-y"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.strueco.2022.09.002","article-title":"Does green innovation, energy productivity and environmental taxes limit carbon emissions in developed economies: Implications for sustainable development","volume":"63","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct. Change Econ. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.05.159","article-title":"China\u2019s carbon emission peak pre-2030: Exploring multi-scenario optimal low-carbon behaviors for China\u2019s regions","volume":"231","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, T., Feng, T., and Ye, C. (2016). Advanced manufacturing technologies and green innovation: The role of internal environmental collaboration. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8101056"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-06-2012-0222","article-title":"Collaborative green innovation in emerging countries: A social capital perspective","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, H., Deng, H., and Hu, S. (2025). The Power of Collaboration: How Does Green Innovation Network Affect Urban Green Total Factor Productivity?. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020433"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2024.123613","article-title":"Impact mechanisms and spatial and temporal evolution of digital economy and green innovation: A perspective based on regional collaboration within urban agglomerations","volume":"207","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1057\/kmrp.2013.8","article-title":"Linking human, technological, and relational assets to technological innovation: Exploring a new approach","volume":"11","author":"Castro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Knowl. Manag. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadhani, W., Khuzaini, K., and Shaddiq, S. (2024). Resistance to Change: Human capital Issues in the Implementation of Industry 4.0 Technology. ATD, Islamic University of Kalimantan.","DOI":"10.31602\/piuk.v0i0.15802"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Maria, N., and Susan, M. (2024, January 12\u201313). Transformative Human capital: Mapping Future Directions for Innovation in Information Technology and Multidisciplinary Applications. Proceedings of the 2024 2nd International Conference on Technology Innovation and Its Applications (ICTIIA), Medan, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.3219","article-title":"Green human resource management and environmental performance: The role of green innovation and environmental strategy in a developing country","volume":"32","author":"Aftab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bus. Strategy Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adikari, A.P., Liu, H., Dissanayake, D.M.S.L.B., and Ranagalage, M. (2023). Human capital and carbon emissions: The way forward reducing environmental degradation. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15042926"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110258","article-title":"Effects of human capital structural evolution on carbon emissions intensity in China: A dual perspective of spatial heterogeneity and nonlinear linkages","volume":"135","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Wang, H. (2024). Environmental, Social and Governance Performance on Brand Value in the Context of \u201cDual Carbon\u201d: The Mediating Effect of R&D Innovation. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su162210046"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.123109","article-title":"Pathways towards carbon neutrality in low carbon cities: The role of green patents, R&D and energy use for carbon emissions","volume":"200","author":"Abbas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119300","article-title":"Carbon emission reductions under global low-carbon technology transfer and its policy mix with R&D improvement","volume":"216","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Zhu, S., Sun, J., Zhong, K., Shen, M., and Wang, X. (2022). A study of the spatial structure and regional interaction of agricultural green total factor productivity in China based on SNA and VAR methods. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127508"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03757-1","article-title":"Spatial correlation network structure of green innovation efficiency and its driving factors in the Bohai Rim region","volume":"26","author":"Di","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2024.107424","article-title":"An in-depth analysis of green innovation efficiency: New evidence based on club convergence and spatial correlation network","volume":"132","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1037","article-title":"A comparative analysis of Chinese green building policies from the central and local perspectives using LDA and SNA","volume":"20","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archit. Eng. Des. Manag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1108\/BEPAM-03-2020-0047","article-title":"Social network analysis applications in sustainable construction and built environment management: A review","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Built Environ. Proj. Asset Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, K., and Li, Z. (2024). Coupling coordination and spatial network characteristics of carbon emission efficiency and urban green innovation in the Yellow River Basin, China. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78099-7"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, H., Lin, H., and Zhong, K. (2022). Spatial spillover effects and driving factors of regional green innovation efficiency in China from a network perspective. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.997084"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22490","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3252912","article-title":"Digital development influencing mechanism on green innovation performance: A perspective of green innovation network","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2019.101313","article-title":"Carbon emission efficiency in China: A spatial panel data analysis","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.11.185","article-title":"China\u2019s carbon dioxide emission and driving factors: A spatial analysis","volume":"211","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17","article-title":"Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena","volume":"37","author":"Moran","year":"1950","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2011.06.002","article-title":"Regional allocation of carbon dioxide abatement in China","volume":"23","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20230733","article-title":"Free trade and the formation of environmental policy: Evidence from US legislative votes","volume":"17","author":"Cherniwchan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. Econ. J. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hufbauer, G.C., and Hogan, M. (2025). The birth of NAFTA in a neoliberal moment. The Elgar Companion to North American Trade and Integration, Edward Elgar Publishing.","DOI":"10.4337\/9781035326570.00007"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-959-2019","article-title":"EDGAR v4.3.2 Global Atlas of the three major Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the period 1970\u20132012","volume":"11","author":"Crippa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.06.028","article-title":"Expedited patent examination for green inventions: Developing countries\u2019 policy choices","volume":"61","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Xia, X., Zhang, S., and Zhang, D. (2018). Environmental regulation, government R&D funding and green technology innovation: Evidence from China provincial data. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10040940"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"240","article-title":"Human capital theory: The theory of human resource development, implications, and future","volume":"18","author":"Wuttaphan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci. Environ. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foar.2012.02.013","article-title":"Progress in research on Chinese urbanization","volume":"1","author":"Chaolin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Archit. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50767","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14040-z","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of carbon emissions, economic growth, and employment from the perspective of industrial restructuring: A case study of China","volume":"28","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126370","article-title":"How does trade openness impact carbon intensity?","volume":"295","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2024.103447","article-title":"The spatial spillover effects of regional integration on carbon emissions","volume":"95","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2022.127627","article-title":"Multiscale time-lagged correlation networks for detecting air pollution interaction","volume":"602","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Applications"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/410\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:40:34Z","timestamp":1760031634000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/410"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13060410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13060410","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]}}}