{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T07:24:11Z","timestamp":1769585051831,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Social Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","award":["L22BJY040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L22BJY040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Micro smart factories (MSFs) represent a new way for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to build smart factories. Intelligence and manufacturing are two important dimensions of intelligent manufacturing. However, there is still a gap in the research on the coordinated development of intelligence and manufacturing in MSF. Based on survey data from 93 SMEs in Liaoning Province, a dynamic coupling model of the intelligence dimensions (ID) and manufacturing dimensions (MD) of MSF was constructed. Stock increment was used to simulate the development level of the fusion and dynamically evaluate the degree of coupling coordination. The results show that both ID and MD have different advantages in terms of stock and incremental resources, and that the development of intelligence and manufacturing is imbalanced. In addition, in the transformation process of SMEs, the impact of stock factors is significant and the driving force of incremental factors in intelligent manufacturing is insufficient. Finally, SMEs lack comprehensive planning for the development of intelligent manufacturing processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13060464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:19:28Z","timestamp":1749795568000},"page":"464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Systems Fusion Challenge: Intelligence vs. Manufacturing in Micro Smart Factories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6277-6475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuran","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Administration, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8964-5027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Administration, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China"},{"name":"Business School, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8679-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harm-Jan","family":"Steenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, Engineering, and Technology, Texas A&M University-Texarkana, Texarkana, TX 75503, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9756-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmina","family":"Homapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Business School, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6505","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2783682","article-title":"Smart Factory of Industry 4.0: Key Technologies, Application Case, and Challenges","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2019.1699254","article-title":"The framework design of smart factory in discrete manufacturing industry based on cyber-physical system","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102332","article-title":"Current and future lithium-ion battery manufacturing","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"IScience"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2022.123006","article-title":"Smart factory: A game changer or another fad in the era of fourth industrial revolution","volume":"89","author":"Min","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2019.1599439","article-title":"Design and implementation of a digital twin application for a connected micro smart factory","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"174","article-title":"Construction of Practical Teaching Platform of Smart Factory","volume":"39","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Explor. Lab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10683","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-22899-9","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal evolution of \u201cProduction-Living-Ecologica\u201d function and layout optimization Strategy in China: A case study of Liaoning Province, China","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"46","article-title":"Status, problems and countermeasures of smart equipment manufacturing in Liaoning Province","volume":"13","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Shenyang Univ. Technol. (Soc. Sci. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, R. (2021). The effects of smart factory operational strategies and system management on the innovative performance of small-and medium-sized manufacturing firms. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063087"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matt, D.T., and Rauch, E. (2020). SME 4.0: The role of small-and medium-sized enterprises in the digital transformation. Industry 4.0 for SMEs, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-25425-4_1"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Jin, Y., and Liu, J. (2024). Micro smart factory: Concept, research framework and future prospects. J. Shenyang Univ. Technol. (Soc. Sci. Ed.), (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120117","article-title":"Smart factory adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises: Empirical evidence of manufacturing industry in Korea","volume":"157","author":"Won","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-023-09879-4","article-title":"Nexus of digital platforms, innovation capability, and strategic alignment to enhance innovation performance in the Asia Pacific region: A dynamic capability perspective","volume":"41","author":"Sarwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101467","article-title":"Current contributions of organofluorine compounds to the agrochemical industry","volume":"23","author":"Ogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"162","article-title":"Evaluation modelling for maturity in intelligent manufacturing for multi-type clothing factories","volume":"42","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Text. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-7997(98)00041-1","article-title":"Two-dimensional time-harmonic dynamic coupled thermoelasticity analysis by boundary element method formulation","volume":"22","author":"Eslami","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eng. Anal. Bound. Elem."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2020). Intelligent Manufacturing Capability Maturity Model (Standard No. GBT 39116-2020). (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570610659865","article-title":"An empirical model of the relationships between manufacturing capabilities","volume":"26","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1108\/01443579810199748","article-title":"Core manufacturing capabilities and their links to product differentiation","volume":"18","author":"Swink","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.promfg.2017.07.008","article-title":"Manufacturing capability assessment for human-robot collaborative disassembly based on multi-data fusion","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Manuf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-6284-7","article-title":"Framework to evaluate manufacturing capability using analytical hierarchy process","volume":"76","author":"Lekurwale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2018.04.007","article-title":"Security of smart manufacturing systems","volume":"47","author":"Tuptuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-021-06593-5","article-title":"Intelligent manufacturing management system based on data mining in artificial intelligence energy-saving resources","volume":"27","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19143","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2024.3367692","article-title":"Industrial internet of things intelligence empowering smart manufacturing: A literature review","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, P., Xiang, J., Tang, D., Li, J., and Obuobi, B. (2024). Intelligence level evaluation and influencing factors analysis of equipment manufacturing industry in the Yangtze River Delta. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299119"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blandino, G. (2023). How to measure stress in smart and intelligent manufacturing systems: A systematic review. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11040167"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/0954405419863220","article-title":"Shared factory: A new production node for social manufacturing in the context of sharing economy","volume":"234","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. B J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-014-0983-7","article-title":"Measures of reconfigurability and its key characteristics in intelligent manufacturing systems","volume":"28","author":"Farid","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"37","article-title":"Research on the Evaluation Model and Its Application of Intelligent Construction Capability of Construction Enterprises Based on Maturity","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1897\/03-619","article-title":"Dynamic coupled metal transport-speciation model: Application to assess a zinc-contaminated lake","volume":"23","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1088\/0965-0393\/13\/7\/007","article-title":"A finite-temperature dynamic coupled atomistic\/discrete dislocation method","volume":"13","author":"Qu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Model. Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2010.01.002","article-title":"A unified perturbation approach to static\/dynamic coupled instabilities of nonlinear structures","volume":"48","author":"Luongo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2013.2244209","article-title":"Dynamic Coupled Fault Diagnosis with Propagation and Observation Delays","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.-L., Roesinger, A., and Hommel, U. (2022). Development and Practice of Industrie 4.0 in China\u2014Practical Experience of a German Industrial Software Company in China. Sci, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/sci4030028"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.10.272","article-title":"Has \u201cIntelligent Manufacturing\u201d Promoted the Productivity of Manufacturing Sector?--Evidence from China\u2019s Listed Firms","volume":"139","author":"Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/0971721819841985","article-title":"Platform Capitalism \u2018Made in China\u2019? Intelligent Manufacturing, Taobao Villages and the Restructuring of Work","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/03019233.2020.1807289","article-title":"The production of large blast furnaces of China in 2018 and thoughts of intelligent manufacturing in the ironmaking process","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"216","article-title":"The Operation Management of Smart Factory for Intelligent Manufacturing","volume":"39","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manag. World"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.3901\/CJME.2016.0908.109","article-title":"Engineering the smart factory","volume":"29","author":"Harrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Islam, F.B., Nwakanma, C.I., Tuli, E.A., Lee, J.M., and Kim, D.S. (2021). Breathing Pattern Forecasting using Deep Learning in Smart Factory Environment. Proc. Acad. Conf. Korean Commun. Soc., 1358\u20131359. (In Korean)."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1109\/EMR.2018.2810110","article-title":"Micro Factory Retailing: An Alternative, More Sustainable Automotive Business Model","volume":"46","author":"Nieuwenhuis","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and Optimization of Smart Factory Control System Based on Digital Twin System Model","volume":"2021","author":"Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"57","article-title":"Capability knowledge Architecture of Service-oriented Manufacturing Model","volume":"30","author":"Jin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Prog. Policy"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"374","article-title":"The Impact of Dem and Information Updating on Sharing of Manufacturing Capacity in the Supply Chain","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Syst. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"118","article-title":"Research on Intelligent Manufacturing Capability Maturity Index System of China\u2019s Manufacturing Industry under Intelligent Economy","volume":"292","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Decis.-Mak."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., Huang, K., Liu, Y., Ge, F., and Liu, S. (2022). Risk Assessment in Supplier Selection for Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Based on PLS-SEM. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12083998"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2021.10.045","article-title":"The sharing economy: A critical review and research agenda","volume":"139","author":"Rojanakit","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s12206-008-1101-6","article-title":"Efficiency evaluation of micro factory for micro pump manufacture","volume":"23","author":"Subramaniyam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mech. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1409","article-title":"On the status quo and future prospect of STS: An interview with Michael Lynch","volume":"35","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stud. Sci. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-011-9257-5","article-title":"The influence of intellectual capital on organizational performance\u2014Knowledge management as moderator","volume":"30","author":"Ling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1504\/IJBSR.2021.118786","article-title":"Enhancement of product design capability in the high-tech manufacturing industry","volume":"15","author":"Kou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Bus. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/caim.12374","article-title":"An investigation of the complementary effects of technology, market, and design capabilities on exploratory and exploitative innovations: Evidence from micro and small-sized tech enterprises in China","volume":"29","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Creat. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042056","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1237\/4\/042056","article-title":"Cost control of mold enterprises under the trend of intelligence","volume":"1237","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2015). Expanded Production Capacity for Metal Finishing Industry. Prod. Finish., 79, 46."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-01-2022-0021","article-title":"The manufacturing adaptive capabilities of firms: The role of technology, market and management systems-related adaptive capabilities","volume":"33","author":"Keskin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1108\/JMTM-07-2021-0241","article-title":"The influence of manufacturing contexts on additive manufacturing-enabled competitive capabilities","volume":"33","author":"Nonino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, W., and Fan, D. (2024). The \u201cSimultaneous Development of Quantity and Quality\u201d: Research on the Impact of the Digital Economy in Enabling Manufacturing Innovation. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12110470"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-019-04036-w","article-title":"Intelligent sales volume forecasting using Google search engine data","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marzantowicz, \u0141. (2020). The Impact of Uncertainty Factors on the Decision-Making Process of Logistics Management. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8050512"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayezi, S. (2022). Student-Centered Curriculum Design and Evaluation in Logistics Management. Logistics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics6040070"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2018.02.008","article-title":"The generation of post noon F3 layers over the dip equatorial location of Thiruvananthapuram- A new perspective","volume":"170","author":"Mridula","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1108\/SBM-10-2019-0099","article-title":"Stadium visitors\u2019 smartphone usage and digital resource integration","volume":"11","author":"Horbel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sport Bus. Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"99","article-title":"Factors Affecting Purchase Intention on Smart Factory Manufactured Footwear in South Korea","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trade Res."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"31","article-title":"Research on the Mechanism of Deep Integration between Modern Service Industry and Advanced Manufacturing Industry Empowered by Digital Technology Innovation","volume":"38","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Guangdong Univ. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.03.162","article-title":"Tangible Industry 4.0: A Scenario-Based Approach to Learning for the Future of Production","volume":"54","author":"Erol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042200","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1744\/4\/042200","article-title":"The Application of Big Data Technology in Network Marketing","volume":"1744","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.13005\/ojcst\/10.01.06","article-title":"Convergence in future wireless network technology","volume":"10","author":"Azeem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orient. J. Comput. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1365\/s43439-020-00013-4","article-title":"Data security management and data protection for video conferencing software","volume":"1","author":"John","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Cybersecur. Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1108\/MEDAR-06-2017-0154","article-title":"Breaching intellectual capital: Critical reflections on Big Data security","volume":"26","author":"Dumay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meditari Account. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.3390\/su7021516","article-title":"Computational Experiment Approach to Controlled Evolution of Procurement Pattern in Cluster Supply Chain","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-021-01883-z","article-title":"A Smart system in Manufacturing with Mass Personalization (S-MMP) for blueprint and scenario driven by industrial model transformation","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, W.A., Edwin, C.A., Abbas, G., Rahman, K., and Hussain, G. (2019). A smart micro factory design: An integrated approach. Functional Reverse Engineering of Machine Tools, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429022876"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"45","article-title":"Reaping Benefits of Digital Age While Avoiding Cyber Threats","volume":"244","author":"Kristoffersen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pipeline Gas J."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1483","article-title":"Harmonizing \u201cSmart\u201d Life Cycle Assessment in Manufacturing Companies: Literature Review and Preliminary Morphological Analysis","volume":"55","author":"Miklautsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"IFAC Pap."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, E.I.D. (2022). China Manufacturing Maturity Model, China Electronics Standardization Institute. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., He, Z., and Zheng, W. (2024). Quantifying the Emergence of Basic Research Capabilities in Cluster Enterprises: An Analytical Framework Based on Information Entropy. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.0687.v1"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16565","article-title":"Analyzing dynamic coupling and coordination of modern service and advanced manufacturing industries in Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong\u2013Macao Greater Bay Area","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, D., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., Qin, J., Xia, J., Deng, O., Gao, X., Bian, J., and Gong, S. (2021). Construction of a Territorial Space Classification System Based on Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity of Land Use and Its Superior Territorial Space Functions and Their Dynamic Coupling: Case Study on Qionglai City of Sichuan Province, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179052"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"163","article-title":"Analysis of the Dynamic Coupling Effect between the Development of Circulation Industry and the Agglomeration of Productive Service Industry","volume":"11","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Commer. Econ."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"36","article-title":"Intelligent Manufacturing Capability Maturity Model of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Sci. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"97","article-title":"Research on the selection Mechanism of Enterprise Independent Innovation Mode based on Innovation capability intensity and matching-- taking Iron and Steel Enterprises as an example","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Prog. Policy"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"97","article-title":"Strategies of Manufacturing Capability Sharing Based on Internet of Things Platform","volume":"17","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Tianjin Univ. Soc. Sci."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:51:16Z","timestamp":1760032276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/6\/464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13060464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13060464","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]}}}