{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:35:28Z","timestamp":1762432528781,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Education Science Planning Leading Group Office","award":["FJJKBK21-042","2023L3033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJJKBK21-042","2023L3033"]}]},{"name":"Central Government\u2019s Special Fund for Local Scientific and Technological Development","award":["FJJKBK21-042","2023L3033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJJKBK21-042","2023L3033"]}]},{"name":"2021 project of the \u201c14th five-year plan\u201d of Educational Science in Fujian Province","award":["FJJKBK21-042","2023L3033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FJJKBK21-042","2023L3033"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As aging urban expressways become more pronounced, maintenance and construction work on these roadways is increasingly necessary. Some lanes may need to be closed during maintenance and construction, decreasing driving safety and comfort in the work zone. This situation often leads to traffic congestion and a higher risk of traffic accidents. Notably, 80% of work zone traffic accidents occur in the warning and upstream transition areas (or simply warning and transition areas). Therefore, it is crucial to appropriately determine the lengths of these areas to enhance both safety and comfort for drivers. In this study, we examined three different warning lengths (1800 m, 2000 m, and 2200 m) and three transition lengths (120 m, 140 m, and 160 m) using the entropy weighting method to create nine simulation scenarios on a two-way, six-lane urban expressway. We selected various metrics for driving safety and comfort, including drivers\u2019 eye movement, electroencephalogram, and driving behavior indicators. A total of 45 participants (mean age = 23.9 years, standard deviation = 1.8) were recruited for the driving simulation experiment, and each participant completed all 9 simulation scenarios. After eliminating 5 invalid datasets, we obtained valid data from 40 participants. We employed a combination of the analytic network process and entropy weighting method to calculate the comprehensive weights of the eight evaluation indicators. Additionally, we introduced the fuzzy theory, utilizing a trapezoidal membership function to evaluate the membership matrix values of the indicators and the comprehensive evaluation grade eigenvalues. The ranking of the experimental scenarios was determined using these eigenvalues. The results indicated that more extended warning lengths correlated with increased safety and comfort. Specifically, the best driver safety and comfort levels were observed in Scenario I, which featured a 2200 m warning length \u00d7 160 m transition length. However, the difference in safety and comfort across different transition lengths diminished as the warning length increased. Therefore, when road space is limited, a thoughtful combination of reasonable lengths can still provide high driving safety and comfort.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13070525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T13:06:17Z","timestamp":1751288777000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Length Requirements for Urban Expressway Work Zones\u2019 Warning and Transition Areas Based on Driving Safety and Comfort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aixiu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinshan College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory on Traffic Psychology & Behaviors, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruiyun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory on Traffic Psychology & Behaviors, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1474-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanqun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory on Traffic Psychology & Behaviors, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"El-Dimeery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Postgraduate Studies and Scientific Research, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0754-138X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said M.","family":"Easa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory on Traffic Psychology & Behaviors, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2017). 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