{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T11:41:21Z","timestamp":1765280481876,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research Operations of Central Universities: \u201cResearch on Key Technologies of Logistics Coordination and Organization of Railway Multi-modal Transport \u201c","award":["2024JBZX044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JBZX044"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As electric multiple unit (EMU) operations and maintenance demands have expanded, spare parts supply chain management has become increasingly crucial. This study emphasizes the supply challenges of EMU spare parts, including inadequate minimum inventory levels and prolonged response times. Redesigning the OEM\u2013railway bureau vendor-managed inventory (VMI) model contract incentive and penalty system is the key goal. Connecting the spare parts supply system with its characteristics yields a game theory model. This study analyzes and compares the equilibrium strategies and profits of supply chain members under different mechanisms for managing critical spare parts. The findings demonstrate that mechanism contracts can enhance supply chain performance in a Pareto-improving manner. An in-depth analysis of downtime loss costs, procurement challenges, and order losses reveals their effects on supply chain coordination and profit allocation, providing railway bureaus and OEMs with a theoretical framework for supply chain decision-making. This study offers theoretical justification and a framework for decision-making on cooperation between OEMs and railroad bureaus in the management of spare parts supply chains, particularly for extensive EMU operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13070585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:01:05Z","timestamp":1752591665000},"page":"585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Electric Multiple Unit Spare Parts Vendor-Managed Inventory Contract Mechanism Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cunjie","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2011.06.008","article-title":"Spare parts classification and demand forecasting for stock control: Investigating the gap between research and practice","volume":"40","author":"Bacchetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"Classification methodology for spare parts management combining maintenance and logistics perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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