{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T18:08:32Z","timestamp":1775066912744,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In a rapidly evolving business landscape, the success of software development (SD) projects is increasingly impacted by uncertainty, which poses significant challenges for project managers. Despite the known influence of uncertainty on project outcomes, its types, causes, and challenges in software remain inadequately understood. This review conducts a systematic analysis of previous related SD projects and related research to clarify these aspects, ultimately identifying key research gaps and proposing future research directions. By adopting a mixed-methods review that integrates scientometric analysis and systematic review methods, this study analysed 60 articles from the Scopus database. The results reported nine causes, six types, and nine challenges associated with uncertainty in SD to provide insights for project managers and researchers in understanding and managing uncertainty more effectively. Additionally, this study proposes four areas for further research to enhance focus and innovation in SD project management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13080650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T08:46:55Z","timestamp":1754383615000},"page":"650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Uncertainty in Software Development Projects: A Review of Causes, Types, Challenges, and Future Research Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mingqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6812-7839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxwell Fordjour","family":"Antwi-Afari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chonghui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weihao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9149-3928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed Reza","family":"Mohandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sulemana Fatoama","family":"Abdulai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2014.03.003","article-title":"A conceptual framework for tackling knowable unknown unknowns in project management","volume":"32","author":"Ramasesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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