{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:10Z","timestamp":1760060110487,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Anhui Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["No. 2022AH030041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2022AH030041"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Considering the supply chain of new energy vehicles composed of a local manufacturer, an authorized distributor in the domestic market, and a competitive manufacturer in the export market, this paper studies three different cases of parallel export as well as their decisions about prices, sales scale, and the degree of production differentiation. Three game models are constructed and solved under the cases of no parallel exports (CN), authorized distributors\u2019 parallel exports (CR), and third-party parallel exports (CT), respectively, and the equilibrium analysis is carried out, and finally, the influence of relevant parameters is explored through numerical simulation. It is found that (1) the manufacturer\u2019s decisions on production and sales are influenced by the characteristics of consumer preferences in local and export markets, the cost of differentiated production, and the consumer recognition of parallel exports; (2) the manufacturers\u2019 profits will always be damaged by parallel exports; (3) differentiated production can reduce the negative impact of parallel exports under certain conditions, and then improve the profits of manufacturers; (4) manufacturers can increase their profits by improving the purchase intention of consumers in the local market, improve the level of production differentiation in the export market, or reducing the cost of differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13080662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T14:23:19Z","timestamp":1754403799000},"page":"662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parallel Export and Differentiated Production in the Supply Chain of New Energy Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiqun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243032, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.12.031","article-title":"The benefits of consumer rebates: A strategy for gray market deterrence","volume":"251","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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