{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:09:07Z","timestamp":1778083747507,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Digital transformation (DT) requires organizations to navigate complex technological and organizational changes, often under conditions of uncertainty. While agile methodologies are widely adopted to address the iterative and cross-functional nature of DT, limited attention has been paid to identifying critical success factors (CSFs) from a socio-technical systems (STS) perspective. This study addresses that gap by integrating and prioritizing CSFs as interdependent elements within a layered socio-technical framework. Drawing on a systematic review of 17 empirical and conceptual studies, we adapt Chow and Cao\u2019s agile success model and validate a set of 14 CSFs across five domains\u2014organizational, people, process, technical, and project\u2014through a Delphi-informed Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The findings reveal that organizational and people-related enablers, particularly management commitment, team capability, and organizational environment, carry the greatest weight in agile-based DT contexts. These results inform a three-layered framework\u2014comprising organizational readiness, agile delivery, and project artefacts\u2014which reflects how social, technical, and procedural factors interact systemically. The study contributes both theoretically, by operationalizing STS theory in the agile DT domain, and practically, by providing a prioritized CSF model to guide strategic planning and resource allocation in transformation initiatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13080694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T15:53:27Z","timestamp":1755100407000},"page":"694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Critical Success Factors in Agile-Based Digital Transformation Projects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meiying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6103-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meixi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southampton Business School, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125620934864","article-title":"Implementing a Digital Strategy: Learning from the Experience of Three Digital Transformation Projects","volume":"62","author":"Correani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1007\/s12599-015-0401-5","article-title":"Digital Transformation Strategies","volume":"57","author":"Matt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bus. Inf. Syst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2019.01.003","article-title":"Understanding digital transformation: A review and a research agenda","volume":"28","author":"Vial","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Dacre, N., and Kockum, F. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Project Management: A Review of AI\u2019s Usefulness and Future Considerations for the Project Profession, Association for Project Management."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/87569728241278661","article-title":"Tensions in Digital Transformation: How Prototype Work Links the Temporary and the Permanent","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12667","article-title":"Paradoxes of implementing digital manufacturing systems: A longitudinal study of digital innovation projects for disruptive change","volume":"40","author":"Moschko","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Product. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMPB-08-2023-0180","article-title":"Data analytics for project delivery: Unlocking the potential of an emerging field","volume":"17","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1145\/1409360.1409387","article-title":"Opening up to agile games development","volume":"51","author":"Stacey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1108\/17538370910991124","article-title":"Improvisation and agile project management: A comparative consideration","volume":"2","author":"Leybourne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1177\/87569728241254095","article-title":"What is Agile Project Management? Developing a New Definition Following a Systematic Literature Review","volume":"55","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1007\/s11213-023-09632-4","article-title":"Adopting an Ecosystem Approach to Digitalization-driven Organizational Change? Actionable Knowledge from a Collaborative Project","volume":"36","author":"Shaba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Pract. Action. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3454","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2022.3206408","article-title":"Guest Editorial: Agile Beyond Software\u2014In Search of Flexibility in a Wide Range of Innovation Projects and Industries","volume":"69","author":"Bianchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12562","article-title":"Digital Transformation and Innovation Management: A Synthesis of Existing Research and an Agenda for Future Studies","volume":"38","author":"Appio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/pmj.21410","article-title":"Can Agile Project Management be Adopted by Industries Other than Software Development?","volume":"45","author":"Conforto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2014.01.002","article-title":"The relationship between work organization and workforce agility in small manufacturing enterprises","volume":"44","author":"Sherehiy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/2.963450","article-title":"Agile software development, the people factor","volume":"34","author":"Cockburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1108\/JIC-03-2022-0054","article-title":"Understanding project success involving analytic-based decision support in the digital era: A focus on IC and agile project management","volume":"24","author":"Kudyba","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intellect. Capital."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2575.2006.00221.x","article-title":"The story of socio-technical design: Reflections on its successes, failures and potential","volume":"16","author":"Mumford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/iis2.13032","article-title":"Enterprise Digital Transformation using a Sociotechnical System Approach","volume":"33","author":"Cardoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"INCOSE Int. Symp."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-06-2019-0241","article-title":"A validated business process modelling success factors model","volume":"27","author":"Bandara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bus. Process Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cordeiro, G.A., Ebi, C.N.O., and Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez, R.E.C. (2025). Proposal of Maturity Assessment to Support Projects in Digital Transformation: Initiatives in the Brazilian Context. Syst. Eng.","DOI":"10.1002\/sys.21818"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shishkov, B. (2019). Chasing the Crowd: Digital Transformations and the Digital Driven System Design Paradigm. Business Modeling and Software Design: 9th International Symposium, BMSD 2019, Lisbon, Portugal, 1\u20133 July 2019, Springer. Proceedings.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-24854-3"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4102\/sajems.v25i1.4158","article-title":"Goals and benefits of digital transformation projects: Insights into project selection criteria","volume":"25","author":"Gertzen","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Econ. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121227","article-title":"How can SMEs successfully navigate VUCA environment: The role of agility in the digital transformation era","volume":"174","author":"Troise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTP-04-2022-0095","article-title":"Improving KIBS performance using digital transformation: Study based on the theory of resources and capabilities","volume":"33","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Serv. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroll, N., Bj\u00f8rnson, F.O., Dings\u00f8yr, T., Rolland, K.-H., and Conboy, K. (2020). Operationalizing Agile Methods: Examining Coherence in Large-Scale Agile Transformations. Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming\u2014Workshops: XP 2020 Workshops, Copenhagen, Denmark, 8\u201312 June 2020, Revised Selected Papers, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58858-8_8"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Project Management Volume, Velocity, Variety: A Big Data Dynamics Approach","volume":"21","author":"Kockum","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2013\/37:2.3","article-title":"Digital Business Strategy: Toward a Next Generation of Insights","volume":"37","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2013","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.09.022","article-title":"Digital transformation: A multidisciplinary reflection and research agenda","volume":"122","author":"Verhoef","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"898","article-title":"Introduction of a digital maturity assessment framework for construction site operations","volume":"23","author":"Wernicke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Constr. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, Z., Dacre, N., and Dong, H. (2024). Fostering Digital Transformation through Project Integration Management. SSRN Electron. J.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5003601"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/08956308.2018.1495969","article-title":"Digital Strategy and Digital Transformation","volume":"61","author":"Gobble","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikmehr, B., Hosseini, M.R., Martek, I., Zavadskas, E.K., and Antucheviciene, J. (2021). Digitalization as a Strategic Means of Achieving Sustainable Efficiencies in Construction Management: A Critical Review. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13095040"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Challenging construction project management institutions: The role and agency of BIM actors","volume":"21","author":"Gluch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Constr. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2016.08.001","article-title":"Mapping the managerial areas of Building Information Modeling (BIM) using scientometric analysis","volume":"35","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121411","article-title":"The bright side and the dark side of top management support in Digital Transformaion \u2013A hermeneutical reading","volume":"175","author":"Elbanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Transforming to Digital Product Management","volume":"23","author":"Nelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"MIS Q. Exec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2023.100474","article-title":"Integrating development and operations teams: A control approach for DevOps","volume":"33","author":"Wiedemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Organ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiani, A. (Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus., 2024). Artificial intelligence in entrepreneurial project management: A review, framework and research agenda, Int. J. Manag. Proj. Bus., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1108\/IJMPB-03-2024-0068"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bergmann, T., and Karwowski, W. (2019). Agile Project Management and Project Success: A Literature Review. Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Society: Proceedings of the AHFE 2018 International Conference on Human Factors, Business Management and Society, 21\u201325 July 2018, Loews Sapphire Falls Resort at Universal Studios, Orlando, Florida, USA, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94709-9_39"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dyb\u00e5, T., Dings\u00f8yr, T., and Moe, N.B. (2014). Agile Project Management. Software Project Management in a Changing World, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55035-5_11"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2023.101858","article-title":"Institutional challenges in agile adoption: Evidence from a public sector IT project","volume":"40","author":"Baxter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gov. Inf. Q."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1177\/8756972818802712","article-title":"Portfolios of Agile Projects","volume":"49","author":"Sweetman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/pmj.20066","article-title":"Six Sigma and Information Systems Project Management: A Revised Theoretical Model","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"81","article-title":"Chief executives define their own data needs","volume":"57","author":"Rockart","year":"1979","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/10548408.2013.877414","article-title":"Critical Success Factors for Crisis Recovery Management: A Case Study of Phuket Hotels","volume":"31","author":"Campiranon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Travel. Tour. Mark."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2004.11.002","article-title":"Standardized project management may increase development projects success","volume":"23","author":"Milosevic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.10.041","article-title":"Determining Critical Success Factors of Project Management Practice: A Conceptual Framework","volume":"153","author":"Alias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijproman.2005.07.004","article-title":"Framing of project critical success factors by a systems model","volume":"24","author":"Fortune","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Proj. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-6301(84)90163-8","article-title":"Identifying and using critical success factors","volume":"17","author":"Leidecker","year":"1984","journal-title":"Long. Range Plan."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1108\/eb054225","article-title":"Critical success factors","volume":"16","author":"Freund","year":"1988","journal-title":"Plan. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1080\/09613218.2019.1669009","article-title":"Critical success factors for modular integrated construction projects: A review","volume":"48","author":"Wuni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Build. Res. Inf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1108\/BPMJ-07-2021-0484","article-title":"Success factors of process digitalization projects\u2014Insights from an exploratory study","volume":"28","author":"Baier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bus. Process. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"83","article-title":"Socio-technical systems","volume":"2","author":"Emery","year":"1960","journal-title":"Manag. Sci. Models Tech."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1177\/87569728251337426","article-title":"Bridging Project Management and Design Thinking: Evidence from Digital Transformation Projects","volume":"56","author":"Grall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proj. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.1987.6498856","article-title":"Critical factors in successful project implementation","volume":"EM-34","author":"Pinto","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-6301(01)00097-8","article-title":"Project Success: A Multidimensional Strategic Concept","volume":"34","author":"Shenhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Long Range Plan."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"PMI (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK\u00ae Guide), Project Management Institute. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-6813(80)90027-0","article-title":"Structure is not organization","volume":"23","author":"Waterman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"The Open Group (2018). TOGAF\u00ae Version 9.2\u2014The Open Group Architecture Framework, Van Haren Publishing."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.08.020","article-title":"A survey study of critical success factors in agile software projects","volume":"81","author":"Chow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Syst. Softw."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/JGIM.331092","article-title":"Unleashing Digital Agility","volume":"31","author":"Duvivier","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2020.02.005","article-title":"Transformational shifts through digital servitization","volume":"89","author":"Tronvoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuncel, D., K\u00f6rner, C., and Pl\u00f6sch, R. (2021). Setting the Scope for a New Agile Assessment Model: Results of an Empirical Study. Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming: 22nd International Conference on Agile Software Development, XP 2021, Virtual Event, 14\u201318 June 2021, Springer. Proceedings.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78098-2_4"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Wolf, M., Semm, A., and Erfurth, C. (2018). Digital Transformation in Companies\u2014Challenges and Success Factors. Innovations for Community Services: 18th International Conference, I4CS 2018, \u017dilina, Slovakia, 18\u201320 June 2018, Springer. Proceedings."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2019.07.005","article-title":"Creating an innovative digital project team: Levers to enable digital transformation","volume":"62","author":"Guinan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reginaldo, F., and Santos, G. (2020, January 19\u201323). Challenges in Agile Transformation Journey. Proceedings of the XXXIV Brazilian Symposium on Software Engineering, Natal, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1145\/3422392.3422436"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Andrade, \u00c1.J.D.C., Mattos, C.S., Fortuna, A., Ramos, L.F., Santos, R.P.D., and Santos, G. (June, January 29). Critical Success Factors of Agile Transformation Initiatives from a Project Management Perspective. Proceedings of the XIX Brazilian Symposium on Information Systems, Macei\u00f3, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, F., Long, J., and Zhao, W. (2022). Mining Braces of Innovation Linking to Digital Transformation Grounded in TOE Framework. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010301"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOA-11-2022-3497","article-title":"Sustainable entrepreneurship development in Oman: A multi-stakeholder qualitative study","volume":"31","author":"Arslan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Organ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radi.2004.09.002","article-title":"The purpose, design and administration of a questionnaire for data collection","volume":"11","author":"Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiography"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.9.3.458","article-title":"An Experimental Application of the DELPHI Method to the Use of Experts","volume":"9","author":"Dalkey","year":"1963","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1108\/14636681211222429","article-title":"The role of regulation in the mobile operator business in Finland","volume":"14","author":"Laakso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foresight"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2009.06.006","article-title":"Using the Delphi method to engage stakeholders: A comparison of two studies","volume":"33","author":"Geist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eval. Program. Plan."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11528-011-0524-6","article-title":"Using the Delphi Technique in Educational Technology Research","volume":"55","author":"Nworie","year":"2011","journal-title":"TechTrends"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"54","article-title":"The Delphi Method: Review and Use in Construction Management Research","volume":"11","author":"Sourani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Constr. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Etikan, I. (2017). Sampling and Sampling Methods. Biom. Biostat. Int. J., 5.","DOI":"10.15406\/bbij.2017.05.00149"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_62_19","article-title":"Types of sampling in research","volume":"5","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pract. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1136\/ebnurs-2020-103303","article-title":"What are Delphi studies?","volume":"23","author":"Barrett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0270-0255(87)90473-8","article-title":"The analytic hierarchy process\u2014What it is and how it is used","volume":"9","author":"Saaty","year":"1987","journal-title":"Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675100400101","article-title":"Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting","volume":"4","author":"Trist","year":"1951","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2013.05.011","article-title":"Socio-technical systems and interaction design\u201421st century relevance","volume":"45","author":"Maguire","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2010.513453","article-title":"Translating concepts of complexity to the field of ergonomics","volume":"53","author":"Walker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101248","article-title":"Industry 4.0 integration with socio-technical systems theory: A systematic review and proposed theoretical model","volume":"61","author":"Sony","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van Raay, A., Cooper, V., Sharp, R., Duan, S., and Dick, M. (2025). In Pursuit of Agility: How to Transform Your Organisation\u2019s IT Project Selection Process. Inf. Syst. J.","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12599"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"294","article-title":"The Nonlinear Influence of Harmonious Information Technology Affordance on Organizational Innovation","volume":"31","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/8\/694\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:26:53Z","timestamp":1760034413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/8\/694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13080694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13080694","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]}}}