{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T02:17:29Z","timestamp":1774405049427,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72471131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72471131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To address the increasing need for clean energy and efficient resource utilization, this paper aims to provide a cooperative framework and a fair profit allocation mechanism for integrated photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems that are shared among different types of users within a regional alliance, including industrial, commercial, and residential users. A cooperative game model is proposed and formulated by a two-level optimization problem: the upper level determines the optimal PV and storage capacities to maximize the alliance\u2019s net profit, while the lower level allocates profits using an improved Nash bargaining approach based on Shapley value. The model simultaneously incorporates different real-world factors such as time-of-use electricity pricing, system life cycle cost, and load diversity. The results demonstrate that coordination between energy storage systems and PV systems can avoid 18% of solar curtailment losses. Compared to independent deployment by individual users, the cooperative sharing model increases the net present value by 8.41%, highlighting improvements in cost-effectiveness, renewable resource utilization, and operational flexibility. Users with higher demand or better load\u2013generation matching gain greater economic returns, which can provide decision-making guidance for the government in formulating differentiated subsidy policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13080712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T16:22:33Z","timestamp":1755534153000},"page":"712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Cooperative Game Theoretical Approach for Designing Integrated Photovoltaic and Energy Storage Systems Shared Among Localized Users"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zhouxuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2021.3061619","article-title":"The Utilization of Shared Energy Storage in Energy Systems: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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