{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:26Z","timestamp":1760060606293,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explains how integrating with foreign suppliers fortifies a buying firm\u2019s supply-chain resilience, captured here as heightened market responsiveness. Drawing on information-processing theory, we argue that supplier integration equips buyers with richer, faster information flows that enable timely adaptation to market shocks. Extending value-congruence theory, we posit that this resilience dividend depends on simultaneous cultural alignment at two levels\u2014national and organizational. Survey data from 174 manufacturing firms engaged in international buyer\u2013supplier relationships across East Asia, North America, Latin America and Europe were analyzed via hierarchical regression. Results confirm that foreign supplier integration has a positive main effect on market responsiveness. Crucially, a significant three-way interaction (integration \u00d7 national-culture congruence \u00d7 organizational-culture congruence) reveals that the responsiveness\u2014and thus resilience\u2014payoff materializes only when both cultural layers are highly congruent; congruence at just one layer is insufficient. By demonstrating the contingent, multilevel nature of resilience benefits, this research advances the global supply-chain literature in three ways: (1) it unites information-processing and value-congruence perspectives to clarify when integration generates adaptive capability; (2) it positions dual-level cultural fit as a prerequisite for resilient performance; and (3) it offers region-spanning evidence that guides managers in designing culturally attuned integration strategies to withstand market turbulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13090772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T15:15:57Z","timestamp":1756912557000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resilience Through Integration: The Synergistic Role of National and Organizational Culture in Enhancing Market Responsiveness"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4767-4892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyojin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business, KonKuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3650-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daesik","family":"Hur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Jaeyoung","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business and Economics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2307\/259056","article-title":"The relational view: Cooperative strategy and sources of interorganizational competitive advantage","volume":"23","author":"Dyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2009.06.001","article-title":"The impact of supply chain integration on performance: A contingency and configuration approach","volume":"28","author":"Flynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"75","article-title":"An empirical analysis of motives for offshore international production","volume":"36","author":"Glaster","year":"1996","journal-title":"Manag. Int. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.9.4.454","article-title":"Knowledge management processes and international joint ventures","volume":"9","author":"Inkpen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1177\/a019198","article-title":"Learning together and apart: A model of reciprocal interfirm learning","volume":"54","author":"Lubatkin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(98)00066-3","article-title":"Technological overlap and interfirm cooperation: Implications for the resource-based view of the firm","volume":"27","author":"Mowery","year":"1998","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"OECD (2000). Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2000, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400089","article-title":"A model of cultural differences and international alliance performance","volume":"35","author":"Sirmon","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2017.10.001","article-title":"Impact of supply base structural complexity on financial performance: Roles of visible and not-so-visible characteristics","volume":"53\u201356","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Namdar, J., Pant, G., and Blackhurst, J. (Prod. Oper. Manag., 2025). Impact of industrial and geographical concentrations of upstream industries on firm performance during COVID-19, Prod. Oper. Manag., in press.","DOI":"10.1177\/10591478251313787"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-09-2022-0567","article-title":"The role of supply chain diversification in mitigating the negative effects of supply chain disruptions in COVID-19","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2008.09.006","article-title":"The organizational antecedents of a firm\u2019s supply chain agility for risk mitigation and response","volume":"27","author":"Braunscheidel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2014.11.004","article-title":"Assessing the contingent effects of collaboration on agility performance in buyer\u2013supplier relationships","volume":"33\u201334","author":"Narayanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2013.09.003","article-title":"Leveraging supply chain visibility for responsiveness: The moderating role of internal integration","volume":"31","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.01.013","article-title":"The impact of institutional pressures on supplier integration and financial performance: Evidence from China","volume":"146","author":"Huo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jengtecman.2014.07.002","article-title":"Influence of contingent factors on the perceived level of supplier integration: A contingency perspective","volume":"33","author":"Lau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2013.01.006","article-title":"Supplier integration and company performance: A configurational view","volume":"41","author":"Danese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2012.11.002","article-title":"On the relationship between supplier integration and time-to-market","volume":"31","author":"Perols","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400091","article-title":"An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances","volume":"35","author":"Simonin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490152","article-title":"Culture and congruence: The fit between management practices and national culture","volume":"27","author":"Newman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8491015","article-title":"National and organizational culture differences and international joint venture performance","volume":"33","author":"Pothukuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2010.02.002","article-title":"Building long-term orientation in buyer\u2013supplier relationships: The moderating role of culture","volume":"28","author":"Cannon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1111\/poms.13100","article-title":"Influence of national cultures on operations management and supply chain management practices: A research agenda","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prod. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/jscm.12064","article-title":"A structure\u2013conduct\u2013performance perspective of how strategic supply chain integration affects firm performance","volume":"51","author":"Ralston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-07-2018-0395","article-title":"Environmental scanning, supply chain integration, responsiveness, and operational performance: An integrative framework from an organizational information processing theory perspective","volume":"39","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-11-2013-0426","article-title":"The impact of organizational culture on supply chain integration: A contingency and configuration approach","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.107543","article-title":"Supply chain integration and national collectivism","volume":"224","author":"Durach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-03-2020-0099","article-title":"Does national culture matter? Understanding the impact of supply chain integration in multiple countries","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2017.08.015","article-title":"A national culture perspective in the efficacy of supply chain integration practices","volume":"193","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2091","article-title":"Antecedents of M&A success: The role of strategic complementarity, cultural fit, and degree and speed of integration","volume":"35","author":"Bauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.780","article-title":"A multilevel perspective on knowledge transfer: Evidence from the Chinese automotive industry","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2010.00975.x","article-title":"The impact of organizational and national cultural differences on social conflict and knowledge transfer in international acquisitions","volume":"49","author":"Vaara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8400150","article-title":"Culture and international business: Recent advances and their implications for future research","volume":"36","author":"Leung","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-12-2019-0514","article-title":"Supply chain management and market responsiveness: A simulation study","volume":"36","author":"Aljanabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ind. Mark."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5592","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2015.1037934","article-title":"Supply chain resilience: Definition, review and theoretical foundations for further study","volume":"53","author":"Tukamuhabwa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamin, B.M. (2021). Investigating the drivers of supply chain resilience in the wake of the covid-19 pandemic: Empirical evidence from an emerging economy. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132111939"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2024.103081","article-title":"Supply chain resilience: Conceptual and formal models drawing from immune system analogy","volume":"127","author":"Ivanov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siagian, H., Tarigan, Z.J.H., and Jie, F. (2021). Supply chain integration enables resilience, flexibility, and innovation to improve business performance in covid-19 era. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13094669"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10479-022-04521-w","article-title":"A responsiveness metric for the design and planning of resilient supply chains","volume":"324","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107452","article-title":"Improving supply chain resilience through Industry 4.0: A systematic literature review under the impressions of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"158","author":"Spieske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, C., Chen, S., and Huang, C. (2023). Investigating the role of supply chain environmental risk in shaping the nexus of supply chain agility, resilience, and performance. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152015003"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/jbl.12290","article-title":"A responsiveness view of logistics and supply chain management","volume":"43","author":"Richey","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/joom.1226","article-title":"Developing supply chain resilience through integration: An empirical study on an e-commerce platform","volume":"69","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-09-2017-0555","article-title":"Dynamic supply chain capabilities: How market sensing, supply-chain agility and adaptability affect supply-chain ambidexterity","volume":"38","author":"Aslam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2016.1278283","article-title":"Quick response strategy with cleaner technology in a supply chain: Coordination and win-win situation analysis","volume":"56","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-11-2021-0677","article-title":"Capabilities for enhancing supply chain resilience and responsiveness in the COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the role of improvisation, anticipation, and data analytics capabilities","volume":"42","author":"Munir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.4.3.28","article-title":"Organization design: An information processing view","volume":"4","author":"Galbraith","year":"1974","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.2307\/257550","article-title":"Information processing as an integrating concept in organizational design","volume":"3","author":"Tushman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.01.019","article-title":"Interorganizational information processing and the contingency effects of buyer-incurred uncertainty in a supplier\u2019s component development project","volume":"210","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2011.01.003","article-title":"The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance","volume":"29","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1111\/jbl.12316","article-title":"Implementing supplier integration practices to improve performance: The contingency effects of supply base concentration","volume":"43","author":"Molinaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Logist."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2013.07.023","article-title":"The effects of supply chain integration on customer satisfaction and financial performance: An organizational learning perspective","volume":"146","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2013.06.006","article-title":"An investigation of the black-box supplier integration in new product development","volume":"67","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-493x.2012.03275.x","article-title":"Supplier integration and NPD outcomes: Conditional moderation effects of modular design competence","volume":"49","author":"Salvador","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-02-2020-0097","article-title":"The value of supply chain integration in the Latin American agri-food industry: Trust, commitment and performance outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2005.09.001","article-title":"The implications of socialization and integration in supply chain management","volume":"24","author":"Cousins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2019.1700570","article-title":"Supplier integration, operational capability and firm performance: An investigation in an emerging economy environment","volume":"31","author":"Boakye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014891","article-title":"The value of value congruence","volume":"94","author":"Edwards","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.89.5.822","article-title":"Complementary and supplementary fit: A theoretical and empirical integration","volume":"89","author":"Cable","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1177\/03079450094216","article-title":"The influence of complementarity, compatibility, and relationship capital on alliance performance","volume":"29","author":"Sarkar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indmarman.2012.09.002","article-title":"Effects of inter-organizational compatibility on supply chain capabilities: Exploring the mediating role of inter-organizational information systems integration","volume":"42","author":"Rajaguru","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Mark. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.627","article-title":"Strategic supply chain management: Improving performance through a culture of competitiveness and knowledge development","volume":"28","author":"Hult","year":"2007","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(200001)21:1<1::AID-SMJ63>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Complementarity, status similarity and social capital as drivers of alliance formation","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.2307\/259291","article-title":"Between trust and control: Developing confidence in partner cooperation in alliances","volume":"23","author":"Das","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"57","article-title":"The role of culture compatibility in successful organizational marriage","volume":"7","author":"Cartwright","year":"1993","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Exec."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2018.1250","article-title":"On the relationship between firms and their legal environment: The role of cultural consonance","volume":"30","author":"Giorgi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2014.01.004","article-title":"The impact of cultural differences on buyer\u2013supplier negotiations: An experimental study","volume":"32","author":"Ribbink","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2009.11.001","article-title":"The globalization of operations in Eastern and Western countries: Unpacking the relationship between national and organizational culture and its impact on manufacturing performance","volume":"28","author":"Naor","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Schein, E.H. (1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1175::AID-JOB960>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"A test of value congruence effects","volume":"20","author":"Kalliath","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.3.424","article-title":"A work values approach to corporate culture: A field test of the value congruence process and its relationship to individual outcomes","volume":"74","author":"Meglino","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Sage."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-5931(94)90011-6","article-title":"The business of international business is culture","volume":"3","author":"Hofstede","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cross-cultural cooperative behavior in joint ventures in LDCs","volume":"30","author":"Lane","year":"1990","journal-title":"Manag. Int. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"278","article-title":"The effect of supply chain integration, modular production, and cultural distance on new product development: A dynamic capabilities approach","volume":"17","author":"Parente","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Int. Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibusrev.2020.101675","article-title":"Cultural differences and synergy realization in cross-border acquisitions: The moderating effect of the acquisition process","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2010.01.003","article-title":"Does relationship learning lead to relationship value? A cross-national supply chain integration","volume":"28","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Trompenaars, F., and Hampden-Turner, C. (2012). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business, McGraw-Hill. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"70","article-title":"When you shouldn\u2019t go global","volume":"86","author":"Alexander","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Buono, A.F., and Bowditch, J.L. (2003). The Human Side of Mergers and Acquisitions: Managing Collisions between People, Cultures, and Organizations, Beard Books."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1108\/IJOPM-10-2020-0711","article-title":"The Dark Side of Supply Chain Digitalisation: Supplier-Perceived Digital Capability Asymmetry, Buyer Opportunism and Governance","volume":"41","author":"Son","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oper. Prod. Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2023.113816","article-title":"Supplier involvement and supplier performance in new product development: Moderating effects of supplier salesperson behaviors","volume":"161","author":"Oh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428110366036","article-title":"Method variance and marker variables: A review and comprehensive CFA marker technique","volume":"13","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Organ. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1060.0597","article-title":"Common Method Variance in IS Research: A Comparison of Alternative Approaches and a Reanalysis of Past Research","volume":"52","author":"Malhotra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Kline, R.B. (2016). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Guilford Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.88.3.588","article-title":"Significance Tests and Goodness of Fit in the Analysis of Covariance Structures","volume":"88","author":"Bentler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124192021002005","article-title":"Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit","volume":"21","author":"Browne","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.53.3.550","article-title":"Toward a universal psychological structure of human values","volume":"53","author":"Schwartz","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Trompenaars, F. (1993). Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Cultural Diversity in Business, Nicholas Brealey."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., and Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies, Sage."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1057\/jibs.2009.25","article-title":"The double-edged sword of cultural distance in international acquisitions","volume":"40","author":"Reus","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490394","article-title":"The effect of national culture on the choice of entry mode","volume":"19","author":"Kogut","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"174","article-title":"Cooperation in supplier\u2013dealer relations","volume":"68","author":"Skinner","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1287\/mksc.8.4.310","article-title":"Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2010.08.003","article-title":"Social capital configuration, legal bonds and performance in buyer\u2013supplier relationships","volume":"29","author":"Carey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299105500105","article-title":"The use of influence strategies in interfirm relationships in industrial product channels","volume":"55","author":"Frazier","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.183","article-title":"Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms","volume":"22","author":"Autio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2010.09.001","article-title":"The dark side of buyer\u2013supplier relationships: A social capital perspective","volume":"29","author":"Villena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1108\/JBIM-08-2020-0387","article-title":"Integrating supplier innovation in the fuzzy front end: Based on an analysis of the task environment","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ind. Mark."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-04-2013-0114","article-title":"Reexamining supply chain integration and the supplier\u2019s performance relationships under uncertainty","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6963(00)00055-3","article-title":"Arcs of integration: An international study of supply chain strategies","volume":"19","author":"Frohlich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6963(02)00008-6","article-title":"Effect of supply chain integration on the relationship between diversification and performance: Evidence from Japanese and Korean firms","volume":"20","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4359(95)90019-5","article-title":"Power and relationship commitment: Their impact on marketing channel member performance","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2005.05.002","article-title":"The antecedents of supply chain agility of a firm: Scale development and model testing","volume":"24","author":"Swafford","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2011.00315.x","article-title":"The impact of competitive strategy and supply chain strategy on business performance: The role of environmental uncertainty","volume":"42","author":"Qi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Decis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2003.12.007","article-title":"Towards a theory of supply chain management: The constructs and measurements","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Neter, J., Wasserman, W., and Kutner, M.H. (1989). Applied Regression Models, Irwin."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490944","article-title":"Explaining the National Cultural Distance Paradox","volume":"32","author":"Brouthers","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2015.0423","article-title":"Multinational Enterprises Within Cultural Space and Place: Integrating Cultural Distance and Tightness\u2013Looseness","volume":"60","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/9\/772\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:38:49Z","timestamp":1760035129000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/9\/772"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13090772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13090772","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-8954"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]]}}}