{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:58:53Z","timestamp":1772769533424,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3802201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3802201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72301131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72301131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX22_0218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3802201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3802201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72301131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72301131"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KYCX22_0218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["2022YFC3802201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3802201"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["72301131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72301131"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research and Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["KYCX22_0218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_0218"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Addressing the challenges of insufficient incentives, weak constraints, and superficial adoption in promoting human\u2013robot collaboration (HRC) in the construction industry, this study develops a tripartite evolutionary game model among government, contractors, and on-site teams under bounded rationality. Lyapunov stability analysis and numerical simulation are employed to conduct parameter sensitivity analyses. The results show that a strategy profile characterized by flexible regulation, deep adoption, and high-effort collaboration constitutes a stable evolutionary outcome. Moderately increasing government incentives helps accelerate convergence but exhibits diminishing returns under fiscal constraints, indicating that subsidies alone cannot sustain genuine engagement. Reducing penalties for contractors and on-site teams, respectively, induces superficial adoption and low effort, whereas strengthening penalties for bilateral violations simultaneously compresses the space for opportunistic behavior. When the payoff advantage of deep adoption narrows or the payoff from perfunctory adoption rises, convergence toward the preferred steady state slows markedly. Based on the discussion and simulation evidence, we recommend dynamically matching incentives, sanctions, and performance feedback: prioritizing flexible regulation to reduce institutional frictions, configuring differentiated sanctions to maintain a positive payoff differential, reinforcing observable performance to stabilize frontline effort, and adjusting policy weights by project stage and actor characteristics. The study delineates how parameter changes propagate through behavioral choices to shape collaborative performance, providing actionable guidance for policy design and project governance in advancing HRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13090790","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T09:32:01Z","timestamp":1757496721000},"page":"790","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incentives, Constraints, and Adoption: An Evolutionary Game Analysis on Human\u2013Robot Collaboration Systems in Construction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2382-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"},{"name":"Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9360-7308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaowei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Ave., Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5152-3333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of Smart City, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2024.12.024","article-title":"The Present and Future of Smart Construction Technologies","volume":"44","author":"Skibniewski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"The digital transformation of the construction industry: A review","volume":"4","author":"Crisan","year":"2024","journal-title":"IIM Ranchi J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plas.2024.100138","article-title":"Driving digital transformation in construction: Strategic insights into building information modelling adoption in developing countries","volume":"5","author":"Rinchen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proj. Leadersh. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03121006","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002154","article-title":"Human\u2013Robot Collaboration in Construction: Classification and Research Trends","volume":"147","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brosque, C., Galbally, E., Khatib, O., and Fischer, M. (2020, January 26\u201328). Human-Robot Collaboration in Construction: Opportunities and Challenges. Proceedings of the 2020 International Congress on Human-Computer Interaction, Optimization and Robotic Applications (HORA), Ankara, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/HORA49412.2020.9152888"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2022.101589","article-title":"How human-robot collaboration impacts construction productivity: An agent-based multi-fidelity modeling approach","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s41693-022-00085-0","article-title":"Towards human\u2013robot collaboration in construction: Current cobot trends and forecasts","volume":"6","author":"Burden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr. Robot."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s41693-025-00156-y","article-title":"Competencies for human\u2013robot collaboration in the construction industry: Perspectives from academia and industry","volume":"9","author":"Olukanni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Constr. Robot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2019.100868","article-title":"Robotics and automated systems in construction: Understanding industry-specific challenges for adoption","volume":"26","author":"Oyedele","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wang, X., and Liu, T. (2022). Behavior Choice Mechanisms and Tax Incentive Mechanisms in the Game of Construction Safety. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12081078"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, Q., Wang, K., Feng, Y., Shi, X., Rao, Y., and Wei, J. (2023). Incentives for Promoting Safety in the Chinese Construction Industry. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061446"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-06-2022-0566","article-title":"Exploring the adoption of technology against delays in construction projects","volume":"31","author":"Gurgun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, L., Liu, W., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Research on the Tournament Incentive Mechanism of the Safety Behavior for Construction Workers: Considering Multiple Heterogeneity. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.796295"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Greenwood, D., and Kassem, M. (2019). Blockchain in the Construction Sector: A Socio-technical Systems Framework for the Construction Industry. Advances in Informatics and Computing in Civil and Construction Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00220-6_7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, X., Shen, G.Q.P., and Ekanayake, E.M.A.C. (2021). Improving Construction Industrialization Practices from a Socio-Technical System Perspective: A Hong Kong Case. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18179017"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2018.03.010","article-title":"The co-evolution of policy mixes and socio-technical systems: Towards a conceptual framework of policy mix feedback in sustainability transitions","volume":"48","author":"Edmondson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eist.2020.02.005","article-title":"Zero carbon homes in the UK? Analysing the co-evolution of policy mix and socio-technical system","volume":"35","author":"Edmondson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2022.108903","article-title":"The incentive mechanism and decision-making behavior in the green building supply market: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis","volume":"214","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, R., and Zhang, B. (2025). An Evolutionary Game Study on the Collaborative Mechanism for Construction Digitalization Among Governments, Contractors, and Service Providers. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15111933"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2025). Evolutionary Game Analysis on the Promotion of Green Buildings in China Under the \u201cDual Carbon\u201d Goals: A Multi-Stakeholder Perspective. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5125117"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, C., Xiong, F., Hu, Q., Liu, R., and Li, S. (2023). Incentive Mechanism of BIM Application in Prefabricated Buildings Based on Evolutionary Game Analysis. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13051162"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Guo, W., Xu, X., Deng, R., Ding, X., and Chen, T. (2023). Analysis of Carbon Emission Reduction Paths for the Production of Prefabricated Building Components Based on Evolutionary Game Theory. Buildings, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings13061557"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676045","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1676045","article-title":"Study on Cooperative Mechanism of Prefabricated Producers Based on Evolutionary Game Theory","volume":"2017","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05020008","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000797","article-title":"Longitudinal Study of BIM Adoption by Public Construction Clients","volume":"36","author":"Gurevich","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3846\/jcem.2020.12176","article-title":"Using a TAM-TOE model to explore factors of Building Information Modelling (BIM) adoption in the construction industry","volume":"26","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3846\/jcem.2020.12917","article-title":"Research on investment risk influence factors of prefabricated building projects","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04024050","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-14396","article-title":"Developing Collaborative Driving Mechanism of Prefabricated Buildings Using Multiagent Stochastic Evolutionary Game","volume":"150","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04023010","DOI":"10.1061\/JMENEA.MEENG-5227","article-title":"A Comprehensive Evaluation of Factors Influencing Acceptance of Robotic Assistants in Field Construction Work","volume":"39","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okonkwo, C., Liang, X., Rasheed, U., Awolusi, I., Cai, J., and Wibranek, B. (2023, January 25\u201328). Construction Worker Workload Assessment for Human-Human versus Human-Robot Collaboration in Wood Assembly. Proceedings of the Computing in Civil Engineering 2023, Corvallis, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784485248.039"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.13202","article-title":"Context-aware hand gesture interaction for human\u2013robot collaboration in construction","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.02.110","article-title":"Factors influencing the application of prefabricated construction in China: From perspectives of technology promotion and cleaner production","volume":"219","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Chen, L., Li, Y., Chen, C., and Zhuang, J. (2023). Incentive strategy of safe and intelligent production in assembled steel plants from the perspective of evolutionary game. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29097-8"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, J., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Yuan, J., and Li, Q. (2022). Evolutionary Game Analysis of Construction Workers\u2019 Unsafe Behaviors Based on Incentive and Punishment Mechanisms. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.907382"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022171","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-12716","article-title":"Impacts of Policy Mix Comprehensiveness on BIM Implementation: Moderating Effects of Environmental State and Response Uncertainty","volume":"149","author":"Xing","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4458","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-01-2024-0009","article-title":"Evolutionary game analysis of collaborative application of BIM platform from the perspective of value co-creation","volume":"32","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, Y., Yang, Y., and Shao, Z. (2025). Green Building Design and Sustainable Development Optimization Strategy Based on Evolutionary Game Theory Model. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17062649"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-07-2023-0714","article-title":"How to reduce construction risks in rural areas: An evolutionary game analysis","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, X., Liu, J., and Zhao, S. (2022). Evolutionary game study on the governance and development of online car-hailing based on blockchain technology. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-11741-4"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pi, B., Deng, L.J., Feng, M., Perc, M., and Kurths, J. (2025). Dynamic Evolution of Complex Networks: A Reinforcement Learning Approach Applying Evolutionary Games to Community Structure. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 1\u201318. Early Access.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2025.3579895"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2505860122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2505860122","article-title":"Collective artificial intelligence and evolutionary dynamics","volume":"122","author":"Sehwag","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s13235-014-0106-2","article-title":"Evolutionary Multiplayer Games","volume":"4","author":"Gokhale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dyn. Games Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2025.110588","article-title":"The evolutionary game equilibrium theory on power market bidding involving renewable energy companies","volume":"167","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fontaneda, I., Camino L\u00f3pez, M.A., Gonz\u00e1lez Alc\u00e1ntara, O.J., and Greiner, B.A. (2022). Construction Accidents in Spain: Implications for an Aging Workforce. BioMed Res. Int., 2022.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9952118"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-02-2017-0035","article-title":"Factors affecting construction productivity: A 30 year systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jian, F., Liu, Q., Feng, C., Hu, Q., Yu, Q., and Guo, Q. (2025). Critical Factors Affecting Construction Labor Productivity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15142463"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinelli, M. (2023). From industry 4.0 to construction 5.0: Exploring the path towards human\u2013robot collaboration in construction. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11030152"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albeaino, G., Gheisari, M., and Issa, R.R. (2022). Human-drone interaction (HDI): Opportunities and considerations in construction. Automation and Robotics in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction Industry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-77163-8_6"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2021.103705","article-title":"Computer vision-based interior construction progress monitoring: A literature review and future research directions","volume":"127","author":"Ekanayake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reja, V., Pradeep, M., and Varghese, K. (2022, January 13\u201315). A systematic classification and evaluation of automated progress monitoring technologies in construction. Proceedings of the ISARC International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia.","DOI":"10.22260\/ISARC2022\/0019"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Liao, Q., Chen, K., Antwi-Afari, M.F., Chen, Y., and Bao, Z. (2025). A systematic review of digital auxiliary technologies enabling human-robot collaboration in construction. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag.","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-09-2024-1296"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.26599\/JIC.2023.9180002","article-title":"Intelligent robots and human-robot collaboration in the construction industry: A review","volume":"1","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Intell. Constr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-05-2021-0461","article-title":"Identifying the risk factors and their interactions of human\u2013robot collaboration implementation during engineering project construction: Evidence from China","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"100138","article-title":"Reward and compensation incentives for enhancing green building construction","volume":"11","author":"Saka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sustain. Indic."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000164","article-title":"Return on Investment Analysis of Using Building Information Modeling in Construction","volume":"27","author":"Giel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Luo, X., Zhang, L., Li, W., Wang, W., and Li, Q. (2025). A Framework of Indicators for Assessing Team Performance of Human\u2013Robot Collaboration in Construction Projects. Buildings, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings15152734"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegele, D., Emig, J., Slongo, C., and Matt, D.T. (2024). Advancing Construction Efficiency Through Collaborative Robotics: A Scalable Multi-agent-Based Logistics Solution. Construction Logistics, Equipment, and Robotics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44021-2_19"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Garcia, R.B. (2024, January 13\u201317). Establishing an On-Site Construction Pilot for Collaboration Between Humans and Heavy-Duty Robots. Proceedings of the 3rd Future of Construction Workshop at the International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA 2024), Yokohama, Japan."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.labeco.2009.08.006","article-title":"Feedback and incentives: Experimental evidence","volume":"16","author":"Eriksson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Labour Econ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2023.108817","article-title":"Impact of supply chain digitalization on supply chain resilience and performance: A multi-mediation model","volume":"259","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5553785","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5553785","article-title":"Evolutionary Game Analysis of BIM Adoption among Stakeholders in PPP Projects","volume":"2021","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000574","article-title":"Identifying and Categorizing the Sources of Uncertainty in Construction Supply Chains","volume":"139","author":"Gosling","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1108\/17410380410555835","article-title":"Reducing uncertainty in European supply chains","volume":"15","author":"Childerhouse","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1108\/IJLM-03-2014-0047","article-title":"A comparative study of manufacturing and service sector supply chain integration via the uncertainty circle model","volume":"27","author":"Aitken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1108\/09600030210421705","article-title":"Integrating the automotive supply chain: Where are we now?","volume":"32","author":"Towill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1108\/MSCRA-01-2022-0003","article-title":"The evolutionary game and simulation of key players in the green supply chain of construction industry","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mod. Supply Chain. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-03-2020-0163","article-title":"Study on incentive and supervision mechanisms of technological innovation in megaprojects based on the principal-agent theory","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8333438","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8333438","article-title":"Incentive Regulation of Construction Waste Resource Recycling: Subsidy and Tax Incentive","volume":"2022","author":"Xiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"99","article-title":"Research on Excessive Revenue Distribution and Incentive Mechanism of Transportation PPP Projects from the Perspective of Fairness Preference","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04025137","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-16473","article-title":"Tripartite Evolution Game of Intelligent Carbon Reduction Transformation in the Construction Industry: A Comparative Analysis of Carbon-Tax Incentives and Financial Subsidies","volume":"151","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04022182","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-12052","article-title":"Research on the BIM Application Mechanism of Engineering-Procurement-Construction Projects Based on a Tripartite Evolutionary Game","volume":"149","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44902","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13624-z","article-title":"Dynamic reward and penalty strategies of green building construction incentive: An evolutionary game theory-based analysis","volume":"28","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-03-2020-0182","article-title":"Using evolutionary game theory to study construction safety supervisory mechanism in China","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F., Xu, H., Sun, K.-S., and Hsu, W.-L. (2022). Analysis of Behavioral Strategies of Construction Safety Subjects Based on the Evolutionary Game Theory. Buildings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12030313"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/00213624.2004.11506721","article-title":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Thorstein Veblen\u2019s Evolutionary Economics: Is EGT Veblenian?","volume":"38","author":"Villena","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Econ. Issues"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2017.2664665","article-title":"An Evolutionary Transfer Reinforcement Learning Framework for Multiagent Systems","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00182-025-00929-3","article-title":"On the discrete-time origins of the replicator dynamics: From convergence to instability and chaos","volume":"54","author":"Falniowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Game Theory"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Y., Jia, R., Yao, Y., and Xu, J. (2022). Evolutionary Game Theory and the Simulation of Green Building Development Based on Dynamic Government Subsidies. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127294"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4464737","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4464737","article-title":"Asymmetric Evolutionary Game Analysis of Building Information Modeling (BIM) Technology Diffusion","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-05-2021-0455","article-title":"Development strategy for prefabricated construction projects: A tripartite evolutionary game based on prospect theory","volume":"30","author":"Dou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131423","article-title":"How to promote the sustainable development of prefabricated residential buildings in China: A tripartite evolutionary game analysis","volume":"349","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1061\/JCEMD4.COENG-14463","article-title":"A Tripartite Governance Strategy for Infrastructure REITs Considering Tax Incentives and Antiavoidance Regulations","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105578","article-title":"Safety supervision of tower crane operation on construction sites: An evolutionary game analysis","volume":"152","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03122002","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001092","article-title":"A Review of the Use of Game Theory in Project Management","volume":"38","author":"Narbaev","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1987229","article-title":"Evolutionary Game Analysis of Green Building Development Dynamic System under Government Regulation: From the Perspective of the Contractor","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math. Probl. Eng."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., Liu, F., Wang, G., and Shao, J. (2023). Research on Strategy Evolution of Contractor and Resident in Construction Stage of Old Community Renovation Project. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15021650"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04021100","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0001007","article-title":"A Novel Quantitative Model for Determining Subsidy Levels to Accelerate the Replacement of In-Use Construction Equipment for Emissions Reduction","volume":"38","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2021.105402","article-title":"Safety Management System (SMS) framework development\u2014Mitigating the critical safety factors affecting Health and Safety performance in construction projects","volume":"143","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:6(734)","article-title":"Impact of Extended Overtime on Construction Labor Productivity","volume":"131","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Constr. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04020081","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000851","article-title":"Interrelationship among Belief, Intention, Attitude, Behavior, and Performance of Construction Workers","volume":"36","author":"Johari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag. Eng."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00457","article-title":"Overtime Labor, Employment Frictions, and the New Keynesian Phillips Curve","volume":"96","author":"Madeira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, X., Lv, L., Wang, Y., Sun, R., and Wang, X. (2022). Evolutionary Game Research on Green Construction Considering Consumers\u2019 Preference under Government Supervision. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416743"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/ijet.12321","article-title":"Preference revelation games and strict cores of multiple-type housing market problems","volume":"18","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Econ. Theory"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2015.2490076","article-title":"Computing Nash Equilibria and Evolutionarily Stable States of Evolutionary Games","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8861146","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8861146","article-title":"Evolutionary Game Simulation on Government Incentive Strategies of Prefabricated Construction: A System Dynamics Approach","volume":"2020","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2020.08.038","article-title":"Evolutionary game and numerical simulation of participants\u2019 collaborative behavior in integrated project delivery project","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-06-2021-0501","article-title":"Evolutionary game of government safety supervision for prefabricated building construction using system dynamics","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., and Li, L. (2023). Research on Evolutionary Game and Simulation of Information Sharing in Prefabricated Building Supply Chain. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15139885"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/9\/790\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:42:17Z","timestamp":1760035337000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/9\/790"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13090790"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13090790","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]}}}