{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:07:11Z","timestamp":1776924431956,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014934","name":"National Center for Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MHER23B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MHER23B01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing prevalence of mental health disorders highlights the need for innovative and accessible interventions. Although existing digital meditation applications offer valuable basic guidance, they often lack interactivity, real-time personalized feedback, and dynamic simulation of real-life scenarios necessary for comprehensive experiential training applicable to daily stressors. To address these limitations, this study developed a novel immersive meditation system specifically designed for deployment within a metaverse environment. The system provides mindfulness practice through two distinct modules within the virtual world. The experience-based module delivers AI-driven social interactions within simulated everyday scenarios, with narrative content dynamically generated by large language models (LLMs), followed by guided inner reflection, thereby forming a scenario\u2013experience\u2013reflection cycle. The breathing-focused module provides real-time feedback through a breath-synchronization interface to enhance respiratory awareness. The feasibility and preliminary effects of this metaverse-based system were explored in a two-week, single-group, pre-test\/post-test study involving 31 participants. The participants completed a battery of validated psychological questionnaires assessing psychological distress, mindfulness, acceptance, self-compassion, and self-esteem before and after engaging in the intervention. This study provides exploratory evidence supporting the feasibility and potential of immersive metaverse environments and LLM-based scenario generation for structured mental health interventions, providing initial insights into their psychological impact and user experience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13090798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T15:10:46Z","timestamp":1757603446000},"page":"798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and Evaluation of an Immersive Metaverse-Based Meditation System for Psychological Well-Being Using LLM-Driven Scenario Generation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0209-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aihe","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autonomous Things Intelligence, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gyuhyuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2761-5126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seunga","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Autonomous Things Intelligence, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-1780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jisun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUI\/NUX Platform Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro-1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1325-2322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jongtae","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Artificial Intelligence Researcher Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-0848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyungeun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Advanced Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildongro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(23)00193-1","article-title":"Age of onset and cumulative risk of mental disorders: A cross-national analysis of population surveys from 29 countries","volume":"10","author":"McGrath","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/02537176241233745","article-title":"Types of medication non-adherence & approaches to enhance medication adherence in mental health disorders: A narrative review","volume":"46","author":"Jayasree","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian. 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