{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T09:00:51Z","timestamp":1767085251175,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China Scholarship Council (CSC)","award":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Science Tokyo","award":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"]}]},{"name":"PhD Scientific Research and Innovation Foundation of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City","award":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Natural Resources Science and Technology Project","award":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202406950135","HSPHDSRF-2023-03-009","ZRZY2025KJ35"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban historic districts play a vital role in shaping the cultural identity and heritage of cities. However, many of these areas face challenges such as aging buildings and deteriorating infrastructure. At the same time, the increasing frequency of extreme rainfall has led to a rise in flood events, placing these vulnerable districts at greater risk. Therefore, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive and objective assessment of their resilience to flood disasters. This study establishes a G-IC model for evaluating the resilience of urban historic districts to flood disasters based on the game combination empowerment-improved cloud model method. The proposed method has been demonstrated in the Soviet-style building complex of the Daye Steel Plant in Huangshi and reveals that the driving force layer exhibits weak resilience; the pressure and state layers show general resilience; the impact and response layers demonstrate weak resilience; and the overall resilience of the district is categorized as weak. The consistency of the results was verified by calculating the cloud similarity, which shows that the constructed new model has certain rationality and feasibility, and the evaluation results are relatively accurate. The findings offer valuable insights for policy-making and support for decision-makers in local government departments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13090809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1758007982000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of Flood Disaster Resilience in an Urban Historic District Based on G-IC Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1489-5362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya 572025, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 145-0061, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6602-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Kinouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 145-0061, Japan"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transdisciplinary Science and Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Tokyo 145-0061, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105621","article-title":"Untangling our checkered past: Investigating the link between local historic district designation and spatial segregation history","volume":"158","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1177\/0042098019896532","article-title":"Foreigners as gentrifiers and tourists in a Mexican historic district","volume":"57","author":"Escobedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2017.06.008","article-title":"Comparison of critical success paths for historic district renovation and redevelopment projects in China","volume":"67","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2359","article-title":"Space syntax-based analysis method to improve the accessibility of urban tourism in a historic environment","volume":"38","author":"Kuzulugil","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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