{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:51:13Z","timestamp":1777038673810,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52275234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52275234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council Visiting Scholar Program","award":["202106695014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202106695014"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Science Fund of the Ministry of Education of China","award":["22YJA760055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22YJA760055"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Innovation Program Project of Beijing Institute of Technology","award":["2024CX01023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CX01023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Student trust plays a pivotal role in shaping the future integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education. This study investigates how AI Facilitating Conditions (FCs), Performance Expectancy (PE), and task type influence students\u2019 System-like Trust (AST) and Human-like Trust (AHT) in AI and further examines the mediating role of human-like trust in fostering the willingness to continue AI-assisted learning. Drawing on valid data collected from 466 Chinese university students, we employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in combination with artificial neural networks (ANN) to test the hypothesized relationships, mediating mechanisms and the relative importance of influencing factors. The findings indicate that AI facilitating conditions significantly enhance both system-like trust and usage intention; performance expectancy exerts a positive effect on both forms of trust, with particularly strong effects observed in subjective tasks. Moreover, system-like trust positively promotes human-like trust, and together, these dimensions jointly strengthen students\u2019 intention to engage in AI-assisted learning. Results from the ANN analysis further highlight that performance expectancy, system-like trust, and facilitating conditions are the primary determinants of system-like trust, human-like trust, and usage intention, respectively. This study extends the application of interpersonal trust theory to the AI domain and offers theoretical insights for fostering more positive and effective patterns of AI adoption in higher education.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13100855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T09:12:23Z","timestamp":1759223543000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Understanding Trust and Willingness to Use GenAI Tools in Higher Education: A SEM-ANN Approach Based on the S-O-R Framework"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8749-5573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Art, Hefei University of Technology, No. 193, Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8853-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Jiajin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7775-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaolin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Design and Arts, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5, South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-00288-7","article-title":"ChatGPT: Five priorities for research","volume":"614","author":"Bollen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123618","article-title":"A brief overview of ChatGPT: The history, status quo and potential future development","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2207187","article-title":"Enhancing EFL reading and writing through AI-powered tools: Design, implementation, and evaluation of an online course","volume":"32","author":"Hsiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Learn. Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.22521\/edupij.2024.133.1","article-title":"Use of ChatGPT in Education: Future Strategic Road Map with SWOT Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Taktak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Process. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2019.12.012","article-title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, taxonomies, opportunities and challenges toward responsible AI","volume":"58","author":"Arrieta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2021.102630","article-title":"The human side of human-chatbot interaction: A systematic literature review of ten years of research on text-based chatbots","volume":"151","author":"Rapp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5465\/annals.2018.0057","article-title":"Human trust in artificial intelligence: Review of empirical research","volume":"14","author":"Glikson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, D., and Chernova, S. (2020, January 17\u201320). Leveraging rationales to improve human task performance. Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, Cagliari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1145\/3377325.3377512"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6649","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2383033","article-title":"Factors influencing university students\u2019 behavioral intention to use generative artificial intelligence: Integrating the theory of planned behavior and AI literacy","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2050543","article-title":"Trust in AI and its role in the acceptance of AI technologies","volume":"39","author":"Choung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1108\/JRIT-01-2024-0006","article-title":"Modeling the determinants of HEI students\u2019 continuance intention to use ChatGPT for learning: A stimulus\u2013organism\u2013response approach","volume":"17","author":"Duong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Res. Innov. Teach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, W., Lu, Z., Li, Z., Cui, Y., Dai, L., Li, Y., Ma, X., and Zhu, H. (2024). The impact of human-AIGC tools collaboration on the learning effect of college students: A key factor for future education?. Kybernetes.","DOI":"10.1108\/K-03-2024-0613"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1108\/LHTN-01-2023-0009","article-title":"Chatting about ChatGPT: How may AI and GPT impact academia and libraries?","volume":"40","author":"Lund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Libr. Hi Tech News"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2024.3355015","article-title":"Student perceptions of ChatGPT use in a college essay assignment: Implications for learning, grading, and trust in artificial intelligence","volume":"17","author":"Tossell","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.61969\/jai.1337500","article-title":"Education in the era of generative artificial intelligence (AI): Understanding the potential benefits of ChatGPT in promoting teaching and learning","volume":"7","author":"Ansah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. AI"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-025-00547-9","article-title":"In GenAI we trust: An investigation of university students\u2019 reliance on and resistance to generative AI in language learning","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacovi, A., Marasovi\u0107, A., Miller, T., and Goldberg, Y. (2021, January 3\u201310). Formalizing trust in artificial intelligence: Prerequisites, causes and goals of human trust in AI. Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Virtual Event.","DOI":"10.1145\/3442188.3445923"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0110eri\u0107, E., Frank, D., and Milkovi\u0107, M. (2025). Trust in Generative AI Tools: A Comparative Study of Higher Education Students, Teachers, and Researchers. Information, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/info16070622"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-024-00478-x","article-title":"ChatGPT awareness, acceptance, and adoption in higher education: The role of trust as a cornerstone","volume":"21","author":"Shahzad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Technol. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1985347.1985353","article-title":"Trust in a specific technology: An investigation of its components and measures","volume":"2","author":"Mcknight","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Manag. Inf. Syst. (TMIS)"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2307\/256727","article-title":"Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations","volume":"38","author":"McAllister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1518\/hfes.46.1.50.30392","article-title":"Trust in automation: Designing for appropriate reliance","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Singh, D., and Chandra, S. (2024, January 4\u20136). Mitigating Uncertainty and Enhancing Trust in AI: Harmonizing Human-Like, System-Like Features with Innovative Organizational Culture. Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Systems, ACIS, Canberra, Australia. Paper 22."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2024.103867","article-title":"Assessing the impact of AI-chatbot service quality on user e-brand loyalty through chatbot user trust, experience and electronic word of mouth","volume":"79","author":"Shahzad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.5267\/j.ijdns.2022.8.013","article-title":"The adoption of artificial intelligence applications in education","volume":"7","author":"Alhumaid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Data Netw. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2023.2226495","article-title":"Determinants of intention to use ChatGPT for educational purposes: Findings from PLS-SEM and fsQCA","volume":"40","author":"Foroughi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12076-x","article-title":"Investigating student acceptance of an academic advising chatbot in higher education institutions","volume":"29","author":"Bilquise","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2024.103743","article-title":"A comparative study on the effect of ChatGPT recommendation and AI recommender systems on the formation of a consideration set","volume":"78","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"47","article-title":"Building trust in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotics","volume":"31","author":"Siau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cut. Bus. Technol. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.11.035","article-title":"Exploring the effect of overload on the discontinuous intention of social media users: An SOR perspective","volume":"81","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Mehrabian, A., and Russell, J.A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemment, D., Currie, M., Bennett, S.J., Elwes, J., Ridler, A., Sinders, C., Vidmar, M., Hill, R., and Warner, H. (2023, January 12\u201315). AI in the public eye: Investigating public AI literacy through AI art. Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3593013.3594052"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2022.2072768","article-title":"Measuring user competence in using artificial intelligence: Validity and reliability of artificial intelligence literacy scale","volume":"42","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e20962","article-title":"\u201cChatting with ChatGPT\u201d: Analyzing the factors influencing users\u2019 intention to Use the Open AI\u2019s ChatGPT using the UTAUT model","volume":"9","author":"Menon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13599","article-title":"Risk perception: Reflections on 40 years of research","volume":"40","author":"Siegrist","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.14216","article-title":"Choosing human over AI doctors? How comparative trust associations and knowledge relate to risk and benefit perceptions of AI in healthcare","volume":"44","author":"Kerstan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Batut, A., Prudhomme, L., van Sambeek, M., and Chen, W. (July, January 29). Do You Trust AI? Examining AI Trustworthiness Perceptions Among the General Public. Proceedings of the International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2021.1958505","article-title":"The role of domain expertise in trusting and following explainable AI decision support systems","volume":"32","author":"Bayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720814547570","article-title":"Trust in automation: Integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust","volume":"57","author":"Hoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Factors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salimzadeh, S., He, G., and Gadiraju, U. (2024, January 11\u201316). Dealing with uncertainty: Understanding the impact of prognostic versus diagnostic tasks on trust and reliance in human-AI decision making. Proceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3641905"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De-Arteaga, M., Fogliato, R., and Chouldechova, A. (2020, January 25\u201330). A case for humans-in-the-loop: Decisions in the presence of erroneous algorithmic scores. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376638"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.2234","article-title":"Exploring the effect of artificial intelligence intellect on consumer decision delegation: The role of trust, task objectivity, and anthropomorphism","volume":"23","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Consum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.12.005","article-title":"Algorithm appreciation: People prefer algorithmic to human judgment","volume":"151","author":"Logg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1177\/0022243719851788","article-title":"Task-dependent algorithm aversion","volume":"56","author":"Castelo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitts, G., and Motamedi, S. (2025). Understanding Human-AI Trust in Education. arXiv.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5325944"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chbr.2025.100667","article-title":"Unveiling users\u2019 algorithm trust: The role of task objectivity, time pressure, and cognitive load","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"103","article-title":"Trust, Trustworthiness and the Moral Dimension in human-AI Interactions","volume":"7","author":"Donati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ethics Politics Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, C.S., Wang, X., and Xu, C. (2020). An extended theory of planned behavior for the modelling of Chinese secondary school students\u2019 intention to learn artificial intelligence. Mathematics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/math8112089"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-10-2021-1313","article-title":"Customers\u2019 perceptions of hotel AI-enabled voice assistants: Does brand matter?","volume":"34","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9478","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2024.2426044","article-title":"How Familiarity, Ease of Use, Usefulness, and Trust Influence the Acceptance of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Travel Planning","volume":"41","author":"Topsakal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.\u2013Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1080\/02642069.2023.2166493","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of trust in AI-based customer service chatbots","volume":"43","author":"Prakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Serv. Ind. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106660","article-title":"How human users engage with consumer robots? A dual model of psychological ownership and trust to explain post-adoption behaviours","volume":"117","author":"Delgosha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.119968","article-title":"Human-like and system-like trust in the sharing economy: The role of context and humanness","volume":"154","author":"Califf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139608964474","article-title":"Trust in automation. Part II. Experimental studies of trust and human intervention in a process control simulation","volume":"39","author":"Muir","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2022.121692","article-title":"The role of meta-UTAUT factors, perceived anthropomorphism, perceived intelligence, and social self-efficacy in chatbot-based services?","volume":"180","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020215","article-title":"People\u2019s intuitions about intuitive insight and intuitive choice","volume":"99","author":"Inbar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2020.101473","article-title":"I, Chatbot: Modeling the determinants of users\u2019 satisfaction and continuance intention of AI-powered service agents","volume":"54","author":"Ashfaq","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telemat. Inform."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Ringle, C., Wende, S., and Becker, J. (2024). SmartPLS 4, SmartPLS."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-11-2018-0203","article-title":"When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM","volume":"31","author":"Hair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.03.052","article-title":"Predicting the drivers of behavioral intention to use mobile learning: A hybrid SEM-Neural Networks approach","volume":"36","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2017.07.027","article-title":"Understanding and predicting the determinants of cloud computing adoption: A two staged hybrid SEM-Neural networks approach","volume":"76","author":"Priyadarshinee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.12.015","article-title":"Predicting the determinants of mobile payment acceptance: A hybrid SEM-neural network approach","volume":"129","author":"Marinkovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"102309","article-title":"Exploring the role of personality, trust, and privacy in customer experience performance during voice shopping: Evidence from SEM and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis","volume":"58","author":"Bawack","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"383","article-title":"Assessing the validity and reliability of adapted classroom climates instrument for Malaysian rural schools using PLS-SEM","volume":"7","author":"Dolinting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Psychol. Couns"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"39","article-title":"Towards a cashless society: The imminent role of wearable technology","volume":"62","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Comput. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hair, J.F. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.424","article-title":"Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101430","article-title":"The disruptive mobile wallet in the hospitality industry: An extended mobile technology acceptance model","volume":"63","author":"Lew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102300","article-title":"QR code and mobile payment: The disruptive forces in retail","volume":"58","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1108\/SCM-03-2021-0129","article-title":"Unfolding the impact of supply chain quality management practices on sustainability performance: An artificial neural network approach","volume":"27","author":"Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Supply Chain Manag. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-018-0592-1","article-title":"SEM\u2013ANN based research of factors\u2019 impact on extended use of ERP systems","volume":"27","author":"Kalinic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2013.07.023","article-title":"Predicting open IOS adoption in SMEs: An integrated SEM-neural network approach","volume":"41","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101565","article-title":"Information technology and Gen Z: The role of teachers, the internet, and technology in the education of young people","volume":"65","author":"Szymkowiak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinka, K., Peres\u00edni, M., Firc, A., Hujn\u00e1k, O., and Janus, F. (2023, January 7\u201312). On the educational impact of chatgpt: Is artificial intelligence ready to obtain a university degree?. Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1, Turku, Finland.","DOI":"10.1145\/3587102.3588827"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-017-9774-y","article-title":"Re-examining the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): Towards a revised theoretical model","volume":"21","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Front."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1108\/ITSE-05-2023-0096","article-title":"How effort expectancy and performance expectancy interact to trigger higher education students\u2019 uses of ChatGPT for learning","volume":"21","author":"Duong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interact. Technol. Smart Educ."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2023.122641","article-title":"What drives managers towards algorithm aversion and how to overcome it? Mitigating the impact of innovation resistance through technology readiness","volume":"193","author":"Mahmud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0008125619864925","article-title":"A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence","volume":"61","author":"Haenlein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120846","article-title":"Delegating decision-making to autonomous products: A value model emphasizing the role of well-being","volume":"169","author":"Bertrandias","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-10-2020-0694","article-title":"Consumers\u2019 willingness to share digital footprints on social media: The role of affective trust","volume":"36","author":"Muhammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. People"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2017.07.004","article-title":"How and why trust matters in post-adoptive usage: The mediating roles of internal and external self-efficacy","volume":"27","author":"Tams","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Strateg. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000092","article-title":"Almost human: Anthropomorphism increases trust resilience in cognitive agents","volume":"22","author":"Monfort","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"zmac029","article-title":"How do people react to AI failure? Automation bias, algorithmic aversion, and perceived controllability","volume":"28","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Jussupow, E., Benbasat, I., and Heinzl, A. (2020, January 15\u201317). Why are we averse towards algorithms? A comprehensive literature review on algorithm aversion. Proceedings of the 28th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Online."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-023-12374-4","article-title":"Human vs. AI: Exploring students\u2019 preferences between human and AI TA and the effect of social anxiety and problem complexity","volume":"29","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., and Reusch, P. (2025, January 22\u201325). Trust in and Adoption of Generative AI in University Education: Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON62633.2025.11016490"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v19i07.52875","article-title":"University Students\u2019 Trust in AI: Examining Reliance and Strategies for Critical Engagement","volume":"19","author":"Abuzar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1007\/s40593-021-00285-9","article-title":"Algorithmic bias in education","volume":"32","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"112","article-title":"Preparing students for an AI-driven world: Rethinking curriculum and pedagogy in the age of artificial intelligence","volume":"1","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"Partners Univers. Innov. Res. Publ."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/10\/855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T09:57:34Z","timestamp":1759226254000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/10\/855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13100855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13100855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]}}}