{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T09:27:25Z","timestamp":1782638845731,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Against the backdrop of the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), gender-oriented behavioral mechanisms remain underexplored, particularly the unique pathways of female users in usage experience, value assessment, and purchase decision-making. This study constructs an integrated framework based on the Stimulus\u2013Organism\u2013Response (SOR) model, leveraging social media big data to analyze in depth how gender differences influence EV users\u2019 purchase intentions. By integrating natural language processing techniques, grounded theory coding, and structural equation modeling (SEM), this study models and analyzes 272,083 pieces of user-generated content (UGC) from Chinese social media platforms, identifying key functional and emotional factors shaping female users\u2019 perceptions and attitudes. The results reveal that esthetic value, safety, and intelligent features more strongly drive emotional responses among female users\u2019 decisions through functional cognition, with gender significantly moderating the pathways from perceived attributes to emotional resonance and cognitive evaluation. This study further confirms the dual mediating roles of functional cognition and emotional experience and identifies a masking (suppression) effect for the \u2018intelligent perception\u2019 variable. Methodologically, it develops a novel hybrid paradigm that integrates data-driven semantic mining with psychological behavioral modeling, enhancing the ecological validity of consumer behavior research. Practically, the findings provide empirical support for gender-sensitive EV product design, personalized marketing strategies, and community-based service innovations, while also discussing research limitations and proposing future directions for cross-cultural validation and multimodal analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13100869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T14:18:28Z","timestamp":1759501108000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["She Wants Safety, He Wants Speed: A Mixed-Methods Study on Gender Differences in EV Consumer Behavior"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7052-6882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Packaging Design and Arts, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China"},{"name":"Graduate School, College of Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8829-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School, College of Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gao, P., Hensley, R., and Zielke, A. (2014). A road map to the future for the auto industry. Mckinsey Q., 1\u201311. Available online: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/~\/media\/McKinsey\/Industries\/Automotive%20and%20Assembly\/Our%20Insights\/A%20road%20map%20to%20the%20future%20for%20the%20auto%20industry\/A%20road%20map%20to%20the%20future%20for%20the%20auto%20industry.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"IEA (2023, July 14). Global EV Outlook 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-ev-outlook-2023."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113160","article-title":"Pathways to decarbonising the transport sector: The impacts of electrifying taxi fleets","volume":"174","author":"Kinsella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Boloor, M. (2023, July 31). Electric Vehicle Basics. Available online: https:\/\/www.nrdc.org\/bio\/madhur-boloor\/electric-vehicle-basics."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Chevrolet, L.C. (2023, July 14). Why Electric Vehicles. Available online: https:\/\/www.larkincobb.com\/why-electric-vehicles."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Stenberg, E. (2023, December 23). Software-Defined Vehicles: An Ecosystem Approach & OTA Strategy. Available online: https:\/\/mender.io\/blog\/software-defined-vehicles-an-ecosystem-approach-and-ota-strategy."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"109621","article-title":"Intelligent infotainment and V2X for electric vehicles: A comprehensive survey","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"345","article-title":"A review of connected technologies in electric vehicles: Human-machine interfaces and connectivity solutions","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3567","article-title":"Over-the-air updates and connectivity in electric vehicles: Enabling software-defined mobility","volume":"71","author":"Elkhateeb","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104557","article-title":"Why Chinese car owners may not repurchase electric vehicles?","volume":"139","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sang, V.T.D., Duong, Q.H., Zhou, L., and Arranz, C.F. (2024). Electric vehicle battery technologies and capacity prediction: A comprehensive literature review of trends and influencing factors. Batteries, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202411.0854.v1"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"123","article-title":"Review of electrical motor drive technologies used in electric vehicle applications","volume":"4","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111719","article-title":"Too much or not enough? Planning electric vehicle charging infrastructure: A review of modeling options","volume":"153","author":"Metais","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2024.104272","article-title":"Are American electric vehicle owners quitting?","volume":"133","author":"Dua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2023.103752","article-title":"Do plug-in hybrid adopters switch to battery electric vehicles (and vice versa)?","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gender differences in online purchasing behaviour: An empirical study","volume":"12","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mark. Stud."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Berger, R. (2025, September 11). EV Consumer Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.rolandberger.com\/publications\/publication_pdf\/EV-Consumer-Report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2025, September 11). 21st Century Business Herald. Female New Energy Vehicle User Preference Analysis. Available online: http:\/\/www.21jingji.com\/article\/20220330\/herald\/30bc450b3259591ccc2a1a8f78156837.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, J.C., Yang, C., and Hung, Y.T. (2018, January 13\u201317). A study on the differences in the demand for automobile interior decoration of female office workers. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Applied System Invention (ICASI), Chiba, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASI.2018.8394450"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jayakrishnan, B., Aruna, D., Arumugam, T., and Ramganathan, M. (2020, January 13\u201314). A Conjoint Based Approach on Female Customers\u2019 High Relevant Attributes towards Passenger Car Preferences. Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Management, Innovation & Sustainability (ICBMIS), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3713761"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Consumer behavior of women towards purchasing decision on passenger cars","volume":"26","author":"VJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Issues Bus. Gov."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"789","article-title":"Gender differences in emotional expression on social media: A multimodal analysis","volume":"31","author":"Tarchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Consum. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Ljung, S. (2023, July 14). Difference in Driving Preferences Between Men and Women. Available online: https:\/\/kth.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2%3A1119939\/FULLTEXT01."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111707","article-title":"Political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental dimensions of electric vehicle adoption in the United States: A social-media interaction analysis","volume":"152","author":"Debnath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2016.09.009","article-title":"Mining meaning from online ratings and reviews: Tourist satisfaction analysis using latent dirichlet allocation","volume":"59","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"103537","article-title":"Analysing gender differences in the perceived safety from street view imagery","volume":"124","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"231108","article-title":"Advanced battery management systems for electric vehicles: A review of technological developments and challenges","volume":"531","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.05.255","article-title":"The effectiveness of financial purchase incentives for battery electric vehicles\u2014A review of the evidence","volume":"80","author":"Hardman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"104557","article-title":"User acceptance of connected vehicle technologies: A systematic literature review","volume":"145","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"102921","article-title":"Personalization and engagement: The role of human-machine interfaces in electric vehicle user retention","volume":"178","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"58","article-title":"Systematic Overview of Gender in Consumer Research: Foundations and Future Paths: En","volume":"24","author":"Neto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Adm. Di\u00e1logo-RAD"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s40881-017-0040-3","article-title":"Testing consumer theory: Evidence from a natural field experiment","volume":"3","author":"Adena","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Econ. Sci. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Guan, M., Fang, T., Peng, B., and Zhou, T. (2025, August 06). McKinsey China Auto Consumer Insights. Available online: https:\/\/www.mckinsey.com\/industries\/automotive-and-assembly\/our-insights\/mckinsey-china-auto-consumer-insights-2024."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Escalent (2023, July 14). BEV Market Growth Hinges on Closing the Gender Gap. Available online: https:\/\/escalent.co\/news\/bev-market-growth-hinges-on-closing-the-gender-gap\/."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21704","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-03253-1","article-title":"Influence of emotion on purchase intention of electric vehicles: A comparative study of consumers with different income levels","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2016.1266533","article-title":"Consumer structure in the emerging market for electric vehicles: Identifying market segments using cluster analysis","volume":"11","author":"Morton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W., and Creswell, J.D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2014.07.005","article-title":"A mixed methods research design for bridging the gap between research and practice in construction safety","volume":"70","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"369","article-title":"Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods","volume":"3","author":"Queiros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.2307\/2392366","article-title":"Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action","volume":"24","author":"Jick","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1258\/jhsrp.2007.007074","article-title":"The quality of mixed methods studies in health services research","volume":"13","author":"Murphy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Health Serv. Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroll, T., and Neri, M. (2009). Designs for mixed methods research. Mixed Methods Research for Nursing and the Health Sciences, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444316490.ch3"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashakkori, A., and Teddlie, C. (2010). Sage Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social & Behavioral Research, SAGE.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781506335193"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"357","article-title":"The use of data-driven personas to facilitate organizational adoption-A case study","volume":"20","author":"Miaskiewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Des. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salminen, J., Jung, S.G., Chowdhury, S., Sengun, S., and Jansen, B.J. (May, January 30). Personas and analytics: A comparative user study of efficiency and effectiveness for a user identification task. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376770"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiliotopoulos, D., Margaris, D., and Vassilakis, C. (2020). Data-assisted persona construction using social media data. Big Data Cogn. Comput., 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/bdcc4030021"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, K.-H., Liou, L.-H., Chang, C.-S., and Lee, D.-S. (2015, January 23\u201324). Predicting Personality Traits of Chinese Users Based on Facebook Wall Posts. Proceedings of the 2015 24th Wireless and Optical Communication Conference (WOCC), Taipei, Taiwan.","DOI":"10.1109\/WOCC.2015.7346106"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Qiyang, Z., and Jung, H. (2019, January 2\u20135). Learning and sharing creative skills with short videos: A case study of user behavior in tiktok and bilibili. Proceedings of the International Association of Societies of Design Research (IASDR), Design Revolution, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102274","article-title":"Who contributes what? Scrutinizing the activity data of 4.2 million Zhihu users via immersion scores","volume":"57","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inf. Process. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Gu, W., Ma, F., Ni, S., Zhang, L., and Huang, S. (2018, January 4\u20137). Multimodal emotion recognition by extracting common and modality-specific information. Proceedings of the 16th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems, Shenzhen, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3274783.3275200"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Strauss, A.L., and Corbin, J. (1997). Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques, Sage."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2020.104147","article-title":"Evaluating impact from research: A methodological framework","volume":"50","author":"Reed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Grounding Theory in Digital Data: A Methodological Approach for a Reflective Procedural Framework","volume":"7","author":"Bischof","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cult. Anal."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/01939459241263011","article-title":"Methodologic and Data-Analysis Triangulation in Case Studies","volume":"46","author":"Schlunegger","year":"2024","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.18775\/jebd.31.5001","article-title":"The Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) Paradigm as a Guiding Principle in Environmental Psychology: Comparison of its Usage in Consumer Behavior and Organizational Culture and Leadership Theory","volume":"3","author":"Hochreiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Entrep. Bus. Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4870(89)90056-1","article-title":"An Investigation into the Role of Intentions as Mediators of the Attitude-Behavior Relationship","volume":"10","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Econ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., and Sarstedt, M. (2016). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publications."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Partial least squares structural equation modeling","volume":"26","author":"Sarstedt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Handb. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.3.411","article-title":"Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach","volume":"103","author":"Anderson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0403-8","article-title":"A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling","volume":"43","author":"Henseler","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Fishbein, M., and Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20905","article-title":"The role of anticipated emotions in purchase intentions","volume":"33","author":"Bagozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Song, F., Liu, Y., and Wang, Y. (2022). Cognitive preference performance of in-vehicle human-Machine interface icons under female new energy vehicles. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142214759"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.08.004","article-title":"Preferences for travel-based multitasking: Evidence from a survey among public transit users in the Chicago metropolitan area","volume":"65","author":"Krueger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Mehrabian, A., and Russell, J.A. (1974). An Approach to Environmental Psychology, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s42154-023-00270-z","article-title":"Review and perspectives on human emotion for connected automated vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Automot. Innov."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/10\/869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T04:35:15Z","timestamp":1760070915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/10\/869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13100869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13100869","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]}}}