{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:08:21Z","timestamp":1784300901939,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC3804300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3804300"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52378492"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52378492"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the growing use of collaborative robots in high-rise construction, ensuring safe human\u2013robot collaboration (HRC) in hazardous environments remains a critical challenge. Addressing the gap that previous studies optimized human, robot, or task factors in isolation without a systemic coordination perspective, this study develops and empirically validates a Human\u2013Task\u2013Robot Alignment (HTRA) framework to explain how alignment mechanisms enhance safety performance in the construction of HRC. Data from 84 high-rise HRC projects were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results reveal that HTRA serves as a pivotal mechanism for safety improvement, where Human\u2013Robot Alignment (HRA) and Task\u2013Human Alignment (THA) exert stronger effects on bilateral safety perception than Task\u2013Robot Alignment (TRA), underscoring the centrality of human factors at the current stage of HRC development. Moreover, this study identifies a sequential cognitive\u2013behavioral path from safety perception to safety intention and safety behavior performance, explaining how alignment enhances safety performance. Standardized HRC guidelines further strengthen HRA, facilitating safer and more efficient collaboration. This study extends Task\u2013Technology Fit theory to a triadic human\u2013task\u2013robot context and advances the concept of bilateral safety, providing theoretical and managerial guidance for developing next-generation safe collaboration systems in construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13111000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T14:55:15Z","timestamp":1762527315000},"page":"1000","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["How to Facilitate Safety Performance of Human\u2013Robot Collaboration in High-Rise Construction Scenarios: An Empirical Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangchong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"},{"name":"Institute of Regional and Urban Development, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3963-9488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ningshuang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction and Real Estate, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30174","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2902386","article-title":"Unmanned High-Rise Fa\u00e7ade Cleaning Robot Implemented on a Gondola: Field Test on 000-Building in Korea","volume":"7","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Sugiyama, Y. 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