{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T11:06:39Z","timestamp":1763377599806,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, the effects of horizontal and vertical cross-ownership on innovation are examined, along with the influence of controlling parties on innovation incentives in cross-ownership firms. Since state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have better resources, the focus question of the study is to understand if SOE-controlled cross-ownership firms have stronger innovation incentives and possess higher efficiency. By using regression methods to analyze the firms listed in Chinese market, the results show that horizontal cross-ownership increases innovation incentives, but vertical cross-ownership decreases them. When firms with cross-ownership are controlled by non-SOE institutions, investments in innovation decrease. However, the environmental protection score of such a firm is higher. Lower investment and greater environmental protection indicate greater efficiency, and cross-ownership provides greater synergy in terms of sustainability. When the firms are SOEs, there is no such effect, indicating a less efficient synergy. However, SOEs attract more research visits from financial institutions. This study provides significant value for understanding the cross-ownership business system in the Chinese market. It demonstrates that the controlling party of cross-ownership can impact the efficiency of joint research and innovation, which is crucial for transitioning from a push-based, digitalization-focused Industry and Society 4.0 to a more pull-based, human-centered Industry and Society 5.0 era. The results show that policymakers should consider initiating policy revisions to further support business sustainability and change SOEs\u2019 leading business norms to support innovation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13111023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"1023","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Ownership System and Innovation Efficiency from a Corporate Sustainability Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Finance, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China"}]},{"given":"Hangbo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan 063000, China"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8617-2214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dachen","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International College of Liberal Arts, Yamanashi Gakuin University, Kofu 400-8575, Yamanashi, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2019.07.033","article-title":"Science, technology and innovation ecosystem transformation toward society 5.0","volume":"220","author":"Fukuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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