{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T05:18:30Z","timestamp":1763875110224,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2022YFB4300400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB4300400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52302414","52372319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52302414","52372319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing complexity of transportation systems, traditional qualitative descriptions fail to objectively reflect the level of autonomy in traffic signal control systems\u2014especially the lack of a systematic evaluation framework that links technology synergy, task autonomy, and system-level autonomy. To address this critical systematic gap, this study integrates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to develop a systematic quantitative classification model for assessing system autonomy. The model constructs a three-level indicator framework\u2014\u201ctechnology\u2013task\u2013system\u201d\u2014based on the systematic closed-loop architecture of traffic signal control systems (upper interaction layer + lower technology chain layer), thereby enabling a holistic and quantitative evaluation of traffic signal control system autonomy. Results indicate that human involvement in the system decreases from 86% at the non-autonomous L0 level to 13% at the fully autonomous L3 level. This systematic quantitative method first reveals the inherent evolution logic of system autonomy (technology \u2192 task \u2192 system). Additionally, it provides a theoretical foundation for two key applications: the performance comparison across different traffic signal control systems and the planning of their intelligent development pathways\u2014filling the gap of scattered, non-systematic evaluations in existing research. It also serves as a practical tool for these applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13121050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T15:33:06Z","timestamp":1763739186000},"page":"1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying Autonomy Levels of Traffic Signal Control Within Autonomous Traffic Systems Based on AHP\u2013TOPSIS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mingli","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0358-6724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Test Field Management Center, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITS Center, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Transportation System, Research Institute of Highway Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0476-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keshuang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Road and Traffic Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (2024). 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