{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:45:43Z","timestamp":1774658743024,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid growth of University Science and Technology Innovation Parks (USTIPs) have recently been vital to China\u2019s innovation-driven development. However, contributions to regional economic growth remains understudied. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD), given its economic foundation, concentration of higher institutions, and innovation policy emphasis, provides an ideal context for such study. This paper examines the relationship between USTIPs and regional economic development in the YRD. A multivariate regression analysis across 41 cities revealed that a 1% increase in USTIP quantity corresponds to a 0.122% rise in GDP, a 0.096% increase in high-tech industrial output, and a 0.087% improvement in land use efficiency. These effects are weaker than those of other Science and Technology Innovation Parks (STIPs), which contribute a 0.595% GDP increase, 0.106% growth in high-tech output, and 0.289% improvement in land use efficiency. A comparative analysis further showed that 12 USTIPs employ 21,325 staff with a registered capital of USD 2.12 billion, substantially lower than 123 STIPs that employed 226,055 staff with USD 24.09 billion capital. Despite these limitations, USTIPs are established as long-term drivers of innovation ecosystems and regional competitiveness. These findings serve as empirical evidence linking USTIPs to economic growth, providing valuable insights for optimizing regional innovation policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13121105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T14:52:24Z","timestamp":1765205544000},"page":"1105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analyzing the Correlation Between the Growth of University Science and Technology Innovation Parks (USTIPs) and Regional Economic Development in Yangtze River Delta, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"International Center for Architecture and Urban Development Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Auwalu Faisal","family":"Koko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]},{"given":"Zexu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076336","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3076336","article-title":"Analysis of the Coupling Coordination and Spatiotemporal Evolution of High-Tech Industrial Technological Innovation and Regional Economic Development","volume":"2022","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.24018\/ejbmr.2023.8.3.1935","article-title":"Institutionalizing University-Business Innovation Systems in an Innovation Economy","volume":"8","author":"Magumba","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Bus. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plas.2024.100156","article-title":"Analyzing the Innovation Ecosystem of China\u2019s Major Science and Technology Projects: From the Ecological and Systems Science Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proj. Leadersh. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2024.102614","article-title":"Science and technology evaluation reform and universities\u2019 innovation performance","volume":"78","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2025.105241","article-title":"Bridging the ivory tower and industry: How university science parks promote university-industry collaboration?","volume":"54","author":"Kang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jengtecman.2024.101820","article-title":"Science and technology parks and their heterogeneous effect on firm innovation","volume":"73","author":"Martinez","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eng. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, Y., and Li, S. (2022). Can the Establishment of University Science and Technology Parks Promote Urban Innovation? Evidence from China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su141710707"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Li, C., and Xu, M. (2025, January 25\u201327). The Role of Universities in the National Innovation System and the Evolution of Practice. Proceedings of the 2025 11th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2025), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"402","article-title":"Study on Collaborative Path of Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Universities-Taking Chengdu as an Example","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adult High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555873","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2025.2555873","article-title":"Structural and agentic powers in university-based regional innovation across Chinese core and non-core cities","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarpong, D., Meissner, D., Moraes, G.H.S.M.d., and Vismara, S. (2025). The impact of university-industry engagement and the rise of competency transfer partnerships. J. Technol. Transf., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-025-10251-5"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.12677\/AAM.2023.121042","article-title":"A Quantitative Research on the Collaborative Innovation Policy of Industry-University-Research Institute in Shanghai-Three-Dimensional Analysis Based on Policy Subjects, Policy Tools and Innovation Chains","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-020-09837-y","article-title":"Systematic Literature Review Paper: The Regional Innovation System-University-Science Park Nexus","volume":"46","author":"Theeranattapong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13731-024-00370-y","article-title":"The Role of University\u2013Industry Linkages in Promoting Technology Transfer: Implementation of Triple Helix Model Relations","volume":"13","author":"Hailu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Innov. Entrep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e25335","article-title":"Research on the mechanism of government-industry-university-research collaboration for cultivating innovative talent based on game theory","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453617","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2025.2453617","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Correlation between Growth of Science and Technology Innovation Parks (STIPs) and Urban Development in Yangtze Delta Region (YDR), China Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-019-09753-w","article-title":"Science Parks, Talent Attraction and Stakeholder Involvement: An International Study","volume":"46","author":"Cadorin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S.S., Nguyen, H.N., and Lin, C.-L. (2022). Exploring the Development Strategies of Science Parks Using the Hybrid MCDM Approach. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14074351"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, M., Dong, B., and Jin, P. (2023). Do Science Parks Promote Companies\u2019 Innovative Performance? Micro Evidence from Shanghai Zhangjiang National Innovation Independent Demonstration Zone. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15107936"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koko, A.F., Han, Z., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Ding, N., and Luo, J. (2023). Spatiotemporal Analysis and Prediction of Urban Land Use\/Land Cover Changes Using a Cellular Automata and Novel Patch-Generating Land Use Simulation Model: A Study of Zhejiang Province, China. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12081525"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05839-z","article-title":"What Drives the Development of University Science Parks in China: From the Perspective of Evolutionary Economic Geography","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105194","article-title":"Governing innovation-driven development under state entrepreneurialism in China","volume":"152","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, T., He, A., Zhai, L., and Yan, S. (2025). Can interactive platform of university science parks enhance the quality of university research outcomes? Evidence from a difference-in-differences model. Front. Phys., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2025.1642172"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/pirs.12759","article-title":"Heterogeneity in performance of science and technology parks in China: Is there \u201cclub\u201d convergence?","volume":"102","author":"Rui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pap. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.6000\/1929-4409.2020.09.46","article-title":"The Development of University Technology and Innovation Incubators to Respond to the Needs of the Modern Economy","volume":"9","author":"Mashau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Criminol. Sociol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00168-022-01200-3","article-title":"Increasing entrepreneurs through green industrial parks: Evidence from special economic zones in China","volume":"72","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-022-09949-7","article-title":"The effect of science and technology parks on tenant firms: A literature review","volume":"48","author":"Albahari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-022-09990-6","article-title":"From high-tech clusters to open innovation ecosystems: A systematic literature review of the relationship between science and technology parks and universities","volume":"49","author":"Thomas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467407","DOI":"10.1080\/00343404.2025.2467407","article-title":"The impact of cluster policy on academic knowledge creation and regional innovation: Geography of university\u2013industry collaboration in Japan","volume":"59","author":"Okamuro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Reg. Stud."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e949","DOI":"10.55905\/ijsmtv10n3-032","article-title":"An analysis on the interactions between actors of the innovation ecosystem and incubators","volume":"10","author":"Silvestro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Manag. Tour."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2022.102194","article-title":"The role of government-industry-academia partnership in business incubation: Evidence from new R&D institutions in China","volume":"72","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-024-10064-y","article-title":"Exploring dyadic relationships between Science Parks and universities: Bridging theory and practice","volume":"49","author":"Klofsten","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2457\/srs.43.177","article-title":"The University Research Park as a Micro-Cluster: Mapping Its Development and Anatomy","volume":"43","author":"Gibson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stud. Reg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1080\/09654313.2025.2490119","article-title":"Science and technology parks as evolving policy instruments: Challenges when embracing the innovation district model","volume":"33","author":"Valdaliso","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Plan. Stud."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3934\/QFE.2024029","article-title":"How Do National University Science Parks Influence Corporate Green Innovation? Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7979","DOI":"10.12677\/AE.2023.13101239","article-title":"Relying on the University Science and Technology Park to Carry out the Research and Practice of Integration of Expertise and Innovation Education Reform\u2014Taking the National University Science and Technology Park of Northeast Petroleum University as an Example","volume":"13","author":"Geng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Educ."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Li, Z., and Liu, T. (2024). Does University-Industry Collaboration Improve Firm Productivity? Evidence from China. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305695"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-025-01655-2","article-title":"The role of science and technology parks in meeting the sustainable development goals (importance of sustainability for the STPS)","volume":"6","author":"Shulla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21082","article-title":"Impact of industry-university-research collaboration and convergence on economic development: Evidence from Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in China","volume":"9","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106457","article-title":"Measuring the impact of technological innovation on urban resilience through explainable machine learning: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta region, China","volume":"127","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2019.03.017","article-title":"Universities\u2019 global research ambitions and their localised effects","volume":"85","author":"Morrison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, B., Wang, H., and Wang, H. (2023). Is There a Surplus of College Graduates in China? Exploring Strategies for Sustainable Employment of College Graduates. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115540"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics of China (2024). China Statistical Yearbook 2024."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042046","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1802\/4\/042046","article-title":"Research on the Innovation Radiation of Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Center to the Yangtze River Delta","volume":"1802","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30m Annual Land Cover Dataset and its Dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, J., and He, Q. (2015, January 28\u201329). Evaluation on Carrying Capacity of Economic, Resources and Environmental Based on the Improved Entropy Method. Proceedings of the 2015 3rd International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science, Changsha, China.","DOI":"10.2991\/icemaess-15.2016.240"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, L. (2022). The Impact of Coordinated Development of Ecological Environment and Technological Innovation on Green Economy: Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19126994"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"24","article-title":"Construction and application of smart city development evaluation index system","volume":"5","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. J. Comput. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"43","article-title":"Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: A Cross-Country Analysis","volume":"1","author":"Nhemhafuki","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Liu, X., and Zuo, Y. (2024). Environmental regulation, pollution emissions and the current account. Rev. World Econ., 1\u201343.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10290-024-00530-y"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Yu, D., Wu, X., and Li, D. (2022). Changes in Demographic Factors\u2019 Influence on Regional Productivity Growth: Empirical Evidence from China, 2000\u20132010. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14074195"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3329\/ijss.v24i20.78212","article-title":"Comparison among Ordinary Least Squares, Ridge, Lasso, and Elastic Net Estimators in the Presence of Outliers: Simulation and Application","volume":"24","author":"Nayem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Stat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"142","article-title":"Analysis of the Functional Development & Progress of Beijing\u2019s TusPark","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open J. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chieco.2021.101605","article-title":"Establishing science parks everywhere? Misallocation in R&D and its determinants of science parks in China","volume":"67","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"25","article-title":"Research on the Development Path of Intellectual Property in Chinese Universities and Colleges in Light of Open Innovation","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Libr. Inf."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1344\/jesb2022.2.j114","article-title":"The Exploration and Practices of TusPark in Promoting Business Incubation and Industrial Development","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Evol. Stud. Bus."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Y., and Chen, T. (2017, January 29\u201331). Study on Factors Influencing of College Sci-Tech Achievement Transformation Resistance-Based on the Perspective of Researchers\u2019 Perceived Risk. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Education, Economics and Management Research (ICEEMR 2017), Singapore.","DOI":"10.2991\/iceemr-17.2017.37"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2023.102815","article-title":"Conceptualizing Business Model Piloting: An Experiential Learning Process for Autonomous Solutions","volume":"126","author":"Thomson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"103","article-title":"The Crux of the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Universities and Its Resolving Logic","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"77","article-title":"Restrictive factors and countermeasures for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in universities","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10961-023-09994-w","article-title":"To Entrepreneur or Not to Entrepreneur? How Identity Discrepancies Influence Enthusiasm for Academic Entrepreneurship","volume":"49","author":"Pattnaik","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04333-2","article-title":"The Role of Intellectual Property on Enterprise-Led Industry-University-Research Institution Cooperation: Case of Innovation Awards in China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bousfiha, M., and Berglund, H. (2025). Micro-Transitions and Work Identity: The Case of Academic Entrepreneurs. Strateg. Entrep. J., 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.1002\/sej.1541"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3126\/bicjom.v2i1.84331","article-title":"Evolution and Distribution of Business Incubators: A Literature Review","volume":"2","author":"Gaire","year":"2025","journal-title":"BIC J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, G., and Yu, L. (2019). Characteristic and Enlightenment on Universities Collaborative Innovation Mode of Japan Shikoku Area. Educ. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci9040257"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2022.124613","article-title":"Technology Transfer Performance: A Comparative Analysis of Two Universities in Japan","volume":"90","author":"Sakai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Manag."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/12\/1105\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:16:22Z","timestamp":1765206982000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/13\/12\/1105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["systems13121105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems13121105","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]}}}