{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:40:11Z","timestamp":1776289211049,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National FinTech Center (USA), sponsored by Ripple","award":["VA-202001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VA-202001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite significant research interest, the understanding of how to systematically implement Lean practices in supply chains remains limited. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of blockchain technology on implementing Lean principles within supply chain networks. A theoretical model was developed based on a comprehensive literature review, utilizing innovation diffusion theory, agency theory, and transaction cost economics. The LDA topic modeling, based on big data from the past decade, was employed to explore key areas and essential industry practices related to blockchain technology. By cross-validating big data analysis and survey results, we also developed reliable metrics that can be used to study blockchain utilization in SCM. The hypotheses were empirically tested using survey data from 219 US enterprises that have adopted blockchain technology. The empirical results revealed that blockchain adoption significantly improved Lean management practices within supply chain networks. Furthermore, research has shown that blockchain can significantly enhance operational performance, including cost reduction, quality improvement, delivery capacity, and greater flexibility. These compelling results suggest that blockchain has the potential to serve as a powerful platform for systematically integrating and orchestrating Lean management practices across the entire supply chain network, thereby achieving operational excellence. An in-depth discussion of the study\u2019s practical implications and theoretical contributions is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:27:16Z","timestamp":1766154436000},"page":"3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Lean Supply Chain Management: Cross-Validation Through Big Data Analytics and Empirical Studies of U.S. Companies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0173-3981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Sik","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Business Administration, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Euisung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John B. and Lillian E. Neff College of Business and Innovation, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3293-3660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul C.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John B. and Lillian E. Neff College of Business and Innovation, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Lean production in an international supply chain","volume":"38","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Sloan Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2006.04.001","article-title":"The genealogy of lean production","volume":"25","author":"Holweg","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oper. 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