{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T05:31:02Z","timestamp":1767072662136,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018893","name":"Scania CV AB","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["No grant number available. Internally funded project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No grant number available. Internally funded project"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018893","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The automotive industry is undergoing a significant transition, where the development of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) and the increasing use of intelligent vehicle functions are transforming vehicles into advanced Cyber-Physical Systems. For heavy-duty OEMs, this transition challenges a Product Development (PD) heritage inherent in an ecosystem of established processes, IT systems, and organization structures. This study primarily comprises semi-structured interviews, conducted at a heavy-duty OEM, and a focused literature search. The study contributes by the following: (i) identifying key PD challenges in the ICE\u2013BEV transition, (ii) outlining obstacles in adopting Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) for managing architectural complexity, and (iii) synthesizing recommendations for architecture-driven collaboration. Interview findings, highlighted intertwined challenges such as fragmented architecture descriptions across physical and software domains, weak continuity between early-phase system context and detailed design, and collaboration constrained by inconsistent terminologies, strained communication channels, and manual reconciliation of architectural information through documents and disconnected tools. These factors hinder function-component traceability and concurrent development across domains. While MBSE is often recommended to address such issues, practical obstacles are noted, including trade-offs between modeling effort and fidelity, limited support for early spatial layout integration, difficulties in bridging physical and software architectures, and the limited integration of document-based practices preferred in early conceptual phases. Based on these insights, the study recommends architecture-driven collaboration anchored in a federated vehicle-architecture description, supported by a distributed systems-engineering function. A layered development approach combining document artifacts with progressively rigorous MBSE is advised for early-phase agility, later-stage traceability, and structured information flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1766710221000},"page":"24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overcoming Challenges in the Transition Towards Battery Electric and Software-Intensive Modular Heavy-Duty Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6624-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Kadaba Jayaprakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Scania CV AB, 151 48 S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4447-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen","family":"Bergseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-885X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"T\u00f6rngren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3131-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Williamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scania CV AB, 151 48 S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Modig, K. 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