{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:06:47Z","timestamp":1767197207067,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent societal transformations have intensified debates on corporate purpose, yet empirical evidence linking these debates to measurable sustainability outcomes remains fragmented. This study advances the literature by conceptualizing corporate purpose as a country-level sustainability orientation and empirically examining how European Union (EU) member states align with distinct corporate purpose models. Using cluster analysis and artificial neural networks applied to data from the Candriam Sovereign Sustainability Report and the Sustainable Development Report, this study identifies three dominant national-level corporate purpose models\u2014traditional, goal-based, and duty-based. The findings reveal a systematic shift toward a sustainability-oriented corporate purpose model, in which social, human, and natural capital play a more decisive role than economic capital alone. Moreover, countries aligned with the duty-based model exhibit significantly higher Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) index scores, providing novel empirical evidence that national sustainability orientations are closely associated with progress toward the SDGs. By linking corporate purpose models to macro-level sustainability outcomes, this research offers a new quantitative framework for understanding how institutional and policy contexts shape contemporary interpretations of corporate purpose and their relevance for sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:30:32Z","timestamp":1767195032000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward a Sustainable Paradigm: Redefining Corporate Purpose in the EU Context"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9714-1333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu George","family":"Bocean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, Marketing and Business Administration, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Craiova, 13 AI Cuza Street, 200585 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca Antoaneta","family":"V\u0103rzaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Accounting and International Business, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Craiova, 13 AI Cuza Street, 200585 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Friedman, M. (2025, November 14). The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits, The New York Times Magazine, Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1970\/09\/13\/archives\/a-friedman-doctrine-the-social-responsibility-of-business-is-to.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1057\/emr.2010.11","article-title":"Rethinking the Firm\u2019s Mission and Purpose","volume":"7","author":"Jordi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-014-2427-x","article-title":"Shareholder Primacy, Corporate Social Responsibility, and the Role of Business Schools","volume":"134","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBride, C. (2019). Whose Company Is It Anyway? The Benefits of Unprotected Capitalism and Unruly Shareholders, Institute for Economic Affairs.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3852667"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2307\/41165018","article-title":"Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New Perspective on Corporate Governance","volume":"25","author":"Freeman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, R.E. (2010). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139192675"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, R.E., Harrison, J.S., Wicks, A.C., Parmar, B.L., and De Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder Theory: The State of the Art, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815768"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1223","article-title":"On the 2019 Business Roundtable Statement on the Purpose of a Corporation","volume":"46","author":"Harrison","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/joms.12660","article-title":"The Future of the Corporation and the Economics of Purpose","volume":"58","author":"Mayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2022.4618","article-title":"Corporate Purpose in Public and Private Firms","volume":"69","author":"Gartenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2019.0307","article-title":"A Theory of Organizational Purpose","volume":"48","author":"Morrison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.p20151072","article-title":"Why Do Firms Have Purpose? The Firm\u2019s Role as a Carrier of Identity and Reputation","volume":"105","author":"Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.2018.1230","article-title":"Corporate Purpose and Financial Performance","volume":"30","author":"Gartenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3746","article-title":"Innovation in the 21st Century: Architectural Change, Purpose, and the Challenges of Our Time","volume":"67","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Unilever (2025, November 14). Unilever\u2019s Sustainable Living Plan. Available online: https:\/\/www.unilever.com\/sustainable-living\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2025, November 14). Patagonia\u2019s Mission and Values. Available online: https:\/\/www.patagonia.com\/company-info\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0001839217750826","article-title":"Bowing before Dual Gods: How Structured Flexibility Sustains Organizational Hybridity","volume":"64","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adm. Sci. Q."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2010.00950.x","article-title":"The New Political Role of Business in a Globalized World: A Review of New Perspectives on CSR and Its Implications for the Firm, Governance, and Democracy","volume":"48","author":"Scherer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reich, R. (2008). Supercapitalism: The Transformation of Business, Democracy, and Everyday Life, Vintage Books.","DOI":"10.1108\/sbr.2008.3.3.256.1"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1525\/cmr.2011.53.2.69","article-title":"Doing Well by Doing Good: The Grand Illusion","volume":"53","author":"Karnani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Calif. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"99","article-title":"Doing Well by Doing Good? Ambivalent Moral Framing in Organizations","volume":"31","author":"Kreps","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2009.00275.x","article-title":"The Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: A Review of Concepts, Research and Practice","volume":"12","author":"Carroll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-011-0867-0","article-title":"Reviewing the Business Case for Corporate Social Responsibility: New Evidence and Analysis","volume":"103","author":"Schreck","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulrich, P. (2008). Integrative Economic Ethics: Foundations of a Civilized Market Economy, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511488658"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Vogel, D. (2005). The Market for Virtue: The Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility, Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abend, G. (2014). The Moral Background: An Inquiry into the History of Business Ethics, Princeton University Press.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400850341"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunny, F.A., Jeronen, E., and Lan, J. (2025). Influential Theories of Economics in Shaping Sustainable Development Concepts. Adm. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15010006"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.2307\/259398","article-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility: A Theory of the Firm Perspective","volume":"26","author":"McWilliams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2018.0250","article-title":"Why \u2018Doing Well by Doing Good\u2019 Went Wrong: Getting Beyond \u2018Good Ethics Pays\u2019 Claims in Managerial Thinking","volume":"46","author":"Lynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2005.15281448","article-title":"Corporate Citizenship: Towards an Extended Theoretical Conceptualization","volume":"30","author":"Matten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2007.26585837","article-title":"Toward a Political Conception of Corporate Responsibility: Business and Society Seen through a Habermasian Perspective","volume":"32","author":"Scherer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/beq.2022.21","article-title":"What\u2019s the Point of Efficiency? On Heath\u2019s Market Failures Approach","volume":"34","author":"Larue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bus. Ethics Q."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/17449626.2017.1320577","article-title":"Understanding Political Responsibility in Corporate Citizenship: Towards a Shared Responsibility for the Common Good","volume":"13","author":"Tempels","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Glob. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5840\/beq20091913","article-title":"Reconsidering Instrumental Corporate Social Responsibility through the Mafia Metaphor","volume":"19","author":"Gond","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bus. Ethics Q."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"79","article-title":"Changing the Role of Top Management: Beyond Strategy to Purpose","volume":"72","author":"Bartlett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakor, A.V., and Quinn, R.E. (2013). The Economics of Higher Purpose, Olin Business School, Washington University. ECGI\u2013Finance Working Paper 395.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2362454"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-W., and Fu, M.-W. (2024). Conceptualizing Sustainable Business Models Aligning with Corporate Responsibility. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16125015"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, D., Franco, I.B., and Smith, T. (2021). A Review of Corporate Purpose: An Approach to Actioning the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13073899"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/graa006","article-title":"Ownership, Agency, and Trusteeship","volume":"36","author":"Mayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxf. Rev. Econ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"567","article-title":"Corporate Purpose: From a \u2018Tower of Babel\u2019 Phenomenon towards Construct Clarity","volume":"93","author":"Brosch","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/jpim.12784","article-title":"Microfoundations for Business Model Innovation: Exploring the Interplay Between Individuals, Practices, and Organizational Design","volume":"42","author":"Rabetino","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.113351","article-title":"Microfoundations in the Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation: Definitions, Systematic Literature Review, Integrative Framework, and Research Agenda","volume":"154","author":"Parida","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blader, S., Gartenberg, C., and Prat, A. (2016). The Contingent Effect of Management Practices, University of Pennsylvania. Working Paper.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2594258"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Spence, R., and Rushing, H. (2009). It\u2019s Not What You Sell, It\u2019s What You Stand for: Why Every Extraordinary Business Is Driven by Purpose, Penguin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1841","article-title":"Purpose in the For-Profit Firm: A Review and Framework for Management Research","volume":"49","author":"George","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"(2025, November 18). Purpose 2020: The Journey Towards Purpose-Led Growth. Available online: https:\/\/www.kantar.com\/Inspiration\/Brands\/The-Journey-Towards-Purpose-Led-Growth."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2014.4005","article-title":"Organizations with Purpose","volume":"57","author":"Hollensbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvestre, W., Begnini, S., and Abreu, I. (2025). The Paradox of Trust: How Leadership, Commitment, and Inertia Shape Sustainability Behavior in the Workplace. Adm. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15070254"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1111\/jofi.12417","article-title":"Do Private Firms Invest Differently than Public Firms? Taking Cues from the Natural Gas Industry","volume":"71","author":"Gilje","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Financ."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feldman, N.E., Kawano, L., Patel, E., Rao, N., Stevens, M., and Edgerton, J. (2018). The Long and the Short of It: Do Public and Private Firms Invest Differently?. Working Paper.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3239663"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/jacf.12272","article-title":"Eclipse of the Public Corporation or Eclipse of the Public Markets?","volume":"30","author":"Doidge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Corp. Financ."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Kohll, A. (2025, November 14). What Employees Really Want at Work, Forbes, Available online: https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/alankohll\/2018\/07\/10\/what-employees-really-want-at-work\/."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"62","article-title":"Creating Shared Value: How to Reinvent Capitalism and Unleash a Wave of Innovation and Growth","volume":"89","author":"Porter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Henderson, R. (2020). Reimagining Capitalism in a World on Fire, Public Affairs."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edmans, A. (2020). Grow the Pie: How Great Companies Deliver Both Purpose and Profit, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108860093"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2007.25275684","article-title":"Why Would Corporations Behave in Socially Responsible Ways? An Institutional Theory of Corporate Social Responsibility","volume":"32","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, R.E., Martin, K.E., and Parmar, B.L. (2020). The Power of AND: Responsible Business Without Trade-Offs, Columbia Business School Publishing.","DOI":"10.7312\/free18850"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2021.0197","article-title":"When Worlds Keep on Colliding: Exploring the Consequences of Organizational Responses to Conflicting Institutional Demands","volume":"46","author":"Pache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oino, I., and Yekini, S. (2024). Meeting Stakeholder Needs: Who Should Managers Pay Close Attention To? Evidence from Listed Chinese Manufacturing Companies. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16093806"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mutua, K., Powell-Turner, J., Spiers, M., and Callaghan, J. (2025). An In-Depth Analysis of Barriers to Corporate Sustainability. Adm. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci15050161"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-014-2047-5","article-title":"Tensions in Corporate Sustainability: Towards an Integrative Framework","volume":"127","author":"Hahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.3917\/mana.214.1278","article-title":"Cracking the Organizational Challenge of Pursuing Joint Social and Financial Goals: Social Enterprise as a Laboratory to Understand Hybrid Organizing","volume":"21","author":"Battilana","year":"2018","journal-title":"M@N@Gement"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.2019.0386","article-title":"Beyond Shareholder Value Maximization: Accounting for Financial\/Social Trade-Offs in Dual-Purpose Companies","volume":"47","author":"Battilana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2011.590299","article-title":"Institutional Complexity and Organizational Responses","volume":"5","author":"Greenwood","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Ann."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"9","article-title":"A New Manifesto for Management","volume":"40","author":"Ghoshal","year":"1999","journal-title":"MIT Sloan Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williamson, O., and Winter, S.G. (1991). The Nature of the Firm, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195065909.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aljebrini, A., Dogruyol, K., and Ahmaro, I.Y.Y. (2025). How Strategic Planning Enhances ESG: Evidence from Mission Statements. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17020595"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, M.F., Costa, C.G.d., and Ramos, F.R. (2024). Exploring Purpose-Driven Leadership: Theoretical Foundations, Mechanisms, and Impacts in Organizational Context. Adm. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci14070148"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"17","article-title":"A Simulation-Based Approach to Business Model Design and Organizational Change","volume":"23","author":"Bock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Innov. Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Gast, A., Illanes, P., Probst, N., Schaninger, B., and Simpson, B. (2020). Purpose: Shifting from Why to How, McKinsey & Company."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S385","DOI":"10.1086\/296376","article-title":"Rationality of Self and Others in an Economic System","volume":"4","author":"Arrow","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Bus."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"George, W. (2003). Authentic Leadership, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1100.0620","article-title":"Social Entrepreneurship: A Critique and Future Directions","volume":"22","author":"Dacin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Organ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoffman, A.J. (2017). Finding Purpose: Environmental Stewardship as a Personal Calling, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781351285087"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greenwood, R., Oliver, C., Lawrence, T.B., and Meyer, R.E. (2017). Institutional Pluralism Revisited. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, Sage Publications Ltd.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526415066"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Horwath, R., and Drucker, P. (2005). Discovering Purpose: Developing Mission, Vision & Values, Strategic Thinking Institute."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zervoudi, E.K., Moschos, N., and Christopoulos, A.G. (2025). From the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Criteria to the Greenwashing Phenomenon: A Comprehensive Literature Review About the Causes, Consequences and Solutions of the Phenomenon with Specific Case Studies. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17052222"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nem\u010dok, M., Im, Z.J., Grasso, M., and Bonomi Bezzo, F. (2025). Public Opinion and the Welfare State: Sources, Processes, and Consequences. J. Eur. Public. Policy, 1\u201325.","DOI":"10.1080\/13501763.2025.2572362"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/09589287241311157","article-title":"Towards a Theorization of the Global Community Welfare Regime: Depicting Four Ideal Types of the Community\u2019s Role in Welfare Provision","volume":"35","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Soc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Trust in Inter-Organizational Relationships: A Meta-Analytic Integration","volume":"43","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.5465\/amle.2005.16132558","article-title":"Bad Management Theories Are Destroying Good Management Practices","volume":"4","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Learn. Educ."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Merrill, R.K., Schillebeeckx, S.J.D., and Blakstad, S. (2019). Sustainable Digital Finance in Asia: Creating Environmental Impact Through Bank Transformation, UN Environment. Available online: https:\/\/www.dbs.com\/iwov-resources\/images\/sustainability\/reports\/Sustainable%20Digital%20Finance%20in%20Asia_FINAL_22.pdf."},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"472","article-title":"To Buy Green or Not to Buy Green: Do Structural Dependencies Block Ecological Responsiveness?","volume":"48","author":"Schillebeeckx","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Sourov, K., and Van Hyfte, W. (2022). Sovereign Sustainability Report 2022: The Age of the Grey Swan, Candriam. Available online: https:\/\/www.candriam.com\/siteassets\/medias\/publications\/brochure\/research-papers\/sustainability-in-the-age-of-the-grey-swan\/2022_11_sovereign_report_en_web.pdf."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Sachs, J.D., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G., and Iablonovski, G. (2025). Financing Sustainable Development to 2030 and Mid-Century. Sustainable Development Report 2025, Dublin University Press."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1057\/s41299-023-00168-w","article-title":"How Corporate Brands Communicate Their Higher Purpose on Social Media: Evidence from Top Global Brands on Twitter","volume":"27","author":"Rudeloff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Corp. Reput. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everitt, B.S., Landau, S., Leese, M., and Stahl, D. (2011). Cluster Analysis, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470977811"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bishop, C.M. (1995). Neural Networks for Pattern Recognition, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198538493.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Stiglitz, J.E. (2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today\u2019s Divided Society Endangers Our Future, W.W. Norton & Company."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1086026617722882","article-title":"Business Cases for Sustainability: A Stakeholder Theory Perspective","volume":"32","author":"Schaltegger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Organ. Environ."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.1920","article-title":"Sustainable Entrepreneurship and B Corps","volume":"26","author":"Stubbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bus. Strat. Environ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.125319","article-title":"The Innovative Contribution of Multinational Enterprises to the Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"285","author":"Thijssens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/MBR-07-2020-0154","article-title":"The Business Responsibility Matrix: A Diagnostic Tool to Aid the Design of Better Interventions for Achieving the SDGs","volume":"29","author":"Sinkovics","year":"2021","journal-title":"Multinatl. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlHares, A. (2025). Ethical Leadership and Its Impact on Corporate Sustainability and Financial Performance: The Role of Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17156682"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bebchuk, L., and Tallarita, R. (2025, November 15). The Illusory Promise of Stakeholder Governance. Working Paper, April. Available online: https:\/\/corpgov.law.harvard.edu\/2020\/03\/02\/the-illusory-promise-of-stakeholder-governance\/.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3544978"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.1984","article-title":"The Impact of Corporate Sustainability on Organizational Processes and Performance","volume":"60","author":"Eccles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/39\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:02:43Z","timestamp":1767196963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/39"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14010039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14010039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]}}}