{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:55:29Z","timestamp":1767200129543,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food systems operate as socio-ecological systems (SES) in which governance, markets, and biophysical constraints interact through feedback. However, how resilience capacities accumulate across sequential shocks, particularly in hyper-arid, import-dependent rentier states, remains under-traced. We analyze Qatar\u2019s food-system SES across three distinct stress tests: the 2017\u20132021 blockade, the COVID-19 pandemic (multi-node logistics and labor shock), and the post-2022 Russia\u2013Ukraine war (global price and agricultural input-cost shock). Using a qualitative longitudinal case-study design, we combine documentary review with process tracing and a two-layer coding scheme that maps interventions to SES components (actors, governance system, resource systems\/units, interactions, outcomes\/feedback) and to predominant resilience capacities (absorptive, adaptive, transformative). The results indicate path-dependent capability building: the blockade activated rapid buffering and rerouting alongside early adaptive investments; COVID-19 accelerated adaptive reconfiguration via digitized logistics, e-commerce scaling, and targeted controlled-environment agriculture; and the Russia\u2013Ukraine shock validated an institutionalized portfolio (fiscal buffering, reserves, procurement diversification, and upstream linkages). Across episodes, supply continuity was maintained, but resilience gains also generated water\u2013energy\u2013food tradeoffs, shifting pressures toward energy-intensive cooling\/desalination and upstream water demands linked to domestic buffers. We conclude that durable resilience in eco-constrained, import-dependent systems requires explicit governance of these tradeoffs through measurable performance criteria, rather than crisis-driven expansion alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stress-Testing Food Security in a Socio-Ecological System: Qatar\u2019s Adaptive Responses to Sequential Shocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5053-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hussein","family":"Al-Dobashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6052-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha 34110, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2021.102164","article-title":"Viewpoint: The case for a six-dimensional food security framework","volume":"106","author":"Clapp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc4765","article-title":"COVID-19 risks to global food security","volume":"369","author":"Laborde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Hassen, T., and El Bilali, H. (2022). Impacts of the Russia-Ukraine War on Global Food Security: Towards More Sustainable and Resilient Food Systems?. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11152301"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100398","article-title":"Food systems everywhere: Improving relevance in practice","volume":"26","author":"Brouwer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002","article-title":"Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses","volume":"16","author":"Folke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1172133","article-title":"A general framework for analyzing sustainability of social-ecological systems","volume":"325","author":"Ostrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Ingram, J., Ericksen, P., and Liverman, D. (2010). Food Security and Global Environmental Change, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2007.09.002","article-title":"Conceptualizing Food Systems for Global Environmental Change Research","volume":"18","author":"Ericksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"HLPE (2017). Nutrition and Food Systems (HLPE Report 12), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00650-090205","article-title":"Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social\u2013ecological systems","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2015.08.001","article-title":"Food System Resilience: Defining the Concept","volume":"6","author":"Tendall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.046","article-title":"Towards Understanding the Integrative Approach of the Water\u2013Energy\u2013Food Nexus","volume":"574","author":"Elagib","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/02508060.2003.9724812","article-title":"Virtual Water\u2014The Water, Food and Trade Nexus: Useful Concept or Misleading Metaphor?","volume":"28","author":"Allan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Int."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3232","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1109936109","article-title":"The Water Footprint of Humanity","volume":"109","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woertz, E. (2013). Oil for Food: The Global Food Crisis and the Middle East, OUP Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199659487.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohamed, A., Salmon, C., Faizi, B., and Tok, M.E. (2025). From crisis to resilience: Food security policy development in Qatar. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2025.1446264"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henderson, C. (2022). The power of food security. Globalizations, 1\u201313.","DOI":"10.1080\/14747731.2022.2075616"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"85","article-title":"Assessing the Qatari Food Security Situation During The 2017 Crisis: Potentials, Achievements, and Challenges","volume":"5","author":"Seyam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tajseer J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassna, B., Mahmood, F., Namany, S., Elomri, A., and Al-Ansari, T. (2025). Optimizing Qatar\u2019s Food Import Resilience: A Multi-Objective Framework Integrating Water Requirement Variability for Key Crops. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17052025"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helal, B., Ali, M., Ali, T., Odeleye, I.P., Mortula, M., and Gawai, R. (2024). The Impact of Land Use on Water Resources in the Gulf Cooperation Council Region. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13070925"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2024.101122","article-title":"Impact of water availability on food security in GCC: Systematic literature review-based policy recommendations for a sustainable future","volume":"54","author":"Moussa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nexus.2025.100568","article-title":"Evaluating the energy-water-food nexus in Qatar: Balancing crop imports and local production","volume":"20","author":"Shannak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Nexus"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2022.116412","article-title":"Modelling and analysis of a renewable energy-driven climate-controlled sustainable greenhouse for hot and arid climates","volume":"273","author":"Abedrabboh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10669-022-09862-2","article-title":"Smart greenhouses as the path towards precision agriculture in the food-energy and water nexus: Case study of Qatar","volume":"42","author":"Karanisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Syst. Decis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaitibie, S., Irungu, P., Ng\u2019ombe, J.N., and Missiame, A. (2022). Managing Food Imports for Food Security in Qatar. Economies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/economies10070168"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Berkes, F., and Folke, C. (1998). Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biggs, R., de Vos, A., Preiser, H., Clements Maciejewski, K., and Schl\u00fcters, M. (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Research Methods for Social-Ecological Systems, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003021339"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-03610-150420","article-title":"Resilience thinking: Integrating resilience, adaptability and transformability","volume":"15","author":"Folke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-01595-110118","article-title":"Shooting the Rapids: Navigating Transitions to Adaptive Governance of Social-Ecological Systems","volume":"11","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511","article-title":"Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems","volume":"30","author":"Folke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zweiri, M., and Al Qawasmi, F. (2021). Conceptualising Qatar\u2019s Political Economy as a Developmental State. Contemporary Qatar: Examining State and Society, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-1391-3"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06387-190230","article-title":"Social-ecological system framework: Initial changes and continuing challenges","volume":"19","author":"McGinnis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-112320-050744","article-title":"Food System Resilience: Concepts, Issues, and Challenges","volume":"47","author":"Zurek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124115622510","article-title":"Selecting appropriate cases when tracing causal mechanisms","volume":"47","author":"Beach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sociol. Methods Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3751\/73.3.13","article-title":"Crisis, State Legitimacy, and Political Participation in a Non-Democracy","volume":"73","author":"Gengler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Middle East J."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bailey, R., and Wellesley, L. (2017). Chokepoints and Vulnerabilities in Global Food Trade, Chatham House (The Royal Institute of International Affairs)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Wellesley, L. (2025, May 15). How Qatar\u2019s Food System Has Adapted to the Blockade. Available online: https:\/\/www.chathamhouse.org\/2019\/11\/how-qatars-food-system-has-adapted-blockade."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Ministry of Transport (2025, November 10). New Port Project, AlJaber Engineering Sign Contract to Establish Food Security Facility, Available online: https:\/\/www.mot.gov.qa\/en\/news\/new-port-project-aljaber-engineering-sign-contract-establish-food-security-facility."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, H., and Lambert, L.A. (2020). A Rentier State under Blockade: Qatar\u2019s Water-Energy-Food Predicament from Energy Abundance and Food Insecurity to a Silent Water Crisis. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12041051"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Sergie, M. (The Independent, 2017). Qatar crisis: First batch of dairy cows airlifted to sidestep Saudi-led blockade, The Independent."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) (2025, May 15). Qatar National Food Security Strategy 2018\u20132023, Available online: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/qat219196E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"GCO (2025, May 15). Prime Minister launches the National Food Security Strategy 2030, Available online: https:\/\/www.gco.gov.qa\/en\/media-centre\/top-news\/prime-minister-launches-the-national-food-security-strategy-2030\/."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"QNA (2025, May 15). Expo 2023 Doha: Qatar Makes Noticeable Progress in Self-Sufficiency from Agricultural Products\u2014Report. Available online: https:\/\/qna.org.qa\/en\/News-Area\/Special-News\/2023-9\/28\/0050-expo-2023-doha-qatar-makes-noticeable-progress-in-self-sufficiency-from-agricultural-products---report."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s44173-023-00012-8","article-title":"Food security strategy to enhance food self-sufficiency and overcome international food supply chain crisis: The state of Qatar as a case study","volume":"3","author":"Amhamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Green Technol. Resil. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100349","article-title":"Towards sustainable food production systems in Qatar: Assessment of the viability of aquaponics","volume":"25","author":"Abusin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob. Food Secur."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Taki, K. (2024). Sanctions and Stigma: Regional and Global Ordering in the Gulf Crisis. Middle East Crit., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1080\/19436149.2024.2408924"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2020.102873","article-title":"Editorial: Impacts of COVID-19 on agricultural and food systems worldwide and on progress to the sustainable development goals","volume":"183","author":"Stephens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"IATA (2020). Air Freight Monthly Analysis\u2014November 2020, International Air Transport Association (IATA)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"The Boeing Company (2020). World Air Cargo Forecast 2020\u20132039, The Boeing Company."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"911","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 trade measures on agricultural and food trade","volume":"22","author":"Ahn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"World Trade Organization (WTO) (2025, May 15). COVID-19: Measures Affecting Trade in Goods. Available online: https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/covid19_e\/trade_related_goods_measure_e.htm."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Ministry for Primary Industries (2021). Fit for a Better World: 2021 Progress Update."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben Hassen, T., El Bilali, H., and Al-Maadeed, M. (2020). Agri-food markets in Qatar: Drivers, trends, and policy responses. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093643"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Ataullah, S. (2020). National Strategy Ensures Food Supply During Pandemic. The Peninsula. Available online: https:\/\/thepeninsulaqatar.com\/article\/06\/05\/2020\/National-Strategy-ensures-food-supply-during-pandemic."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"ESCWA (2021). Arab Food Security Monitoring Framework, ESCWA."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velazquez-Gonzalez, R.S., Garcia-Garcia, A.L., Ventura-Zapata, E., Barceinas-Sanchez, J.D.O., and Sosa-Savedra, J.C. (2022). A review on hydroponics and the technologies associated for medium-and small-scale operations. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12050646"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karanisa, T., Amato, A., Richer, R., Abdul Majid, S., Skelhorn, C., and Sayadi, S. (2021). Agricultural production in Qatar\u2019s hot arid climate. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13074059"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"PSA (2021). Qatar Voluntary National Review 2021, PSA."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Qatar Chamber (2021). Report on E-Commerce in the State of Qatar \u201cChallenges & Solutions\u201d, Qatar Chamber."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Council of the European Union (2025, May 15). Co-Chairs\u2019 Statement of the 27th GCC\u2013EU Joint Council and Ministerial Meeting, Available online: https:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/en\/press\/press-releases\/2023\/10\/10\/co-chairs-statement-of-the-27th-gcc-eu-joint-council-and-ministerial-meeting\/."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Mazzoni, A. (2025, October 10). Why Qatar\u2019s Food Security Efforts Are Paying Dividends. Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU) Newsroom, Available online: https:\/\/www.hbku.edu.qa\/en\/news\/QEERI-SUST-WQFSEAPD."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Gulf Times (2025, June 05). Qatar Charity Delivers Food Aid to COVID-Hit Expatriate Families. Available online: https:\/\/www.gulf-times.com\/story\/683863\/qatar-charity-delivers-food-aid-to-covid-hit-expatriate-families?."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Qatar Charity (2025, June 05). Qatar Charity Distributes Food Parcels to Asian Expatriate Families. Available online: https:\/\/www.qcharity.org\/en\/qa\/news\/details\/18242-qatar-charity-distributes?."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"FAO (2025, May 15). FAO Food Price Index Posts Significant Leap in March. Available online: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/newsroom\/detail\/fao-food-price-index-posts-significant-leap-in-march\/en."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"UNCTAD (2025, May 15). War in Ukraine Raises Global Shipping Costs, Stifles Trade. Available online: https:\/\/unctad.org\/news\/war-ukraine-raises-global-shipping-costs-stifles-trade."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"World Bank Group (2022). Commodity Markets Outlook: The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Commodity Markets, World Bank. Available online: https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/099610004272227936\/idu059cfcd0005a1204a7e0b1be022f2c82808fb?."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"UNCTAD (2022). The War in Ukraine and Its Effects on Maritime Trade Logistics, UNCTAD."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-024-01638-7","article-title":"International cooperation was key to stabilize wheat prices after the Russian Invasion of Ukraine","volume":"5","author":"Kuhla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal Filho, W., Fedoruk, M., Paulino Pires Eustachio, J.H., Barbir, J., Lisovska, T., Lingos, A., and Baars, C. (2023). How the War in Ukraine Affects Food Security. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213996"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"FAO (2025, May 15). Impact of the Ukraine-Russia Conflict on Global Food Security and Related Matters Under the Mandate of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO). Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/dc893b4f-7675-49ea-aff2-b2d9fa1cb123\/content."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"World Integrated Trade Solution (2025, May 15). Qatar Crude Sunflower-Seed and Safflower Oil and Frac Imports by Country in 2022. Available online: https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/trade\/comtrade\/en\/country\/QAT\/year\/2022\/tradeflow\/Imports\/partner\/ALL\/product\/151211."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Baffes, J., and Koh, W.C. (2025, May 15). Fertilizer Prices Expected to Remain Higher for Longer. Available online: https:\/\/blogs.worldbank.org\/en\/opendata\/fertilizer-prices-expected-remain-higher-longer."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"MOFA (2025, March 15). Qatar Contributes $20 Million for Humanitarian Program to Help African Countries, Available online: https:\/\/mofa.gov.qa\/en\/qatar\/latest-articles\/latest-news\/details\/1444\/05\/02\/qatar-contributes-$20-million-for-humanitarian-program-to-help-african-countries."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"WFP (2025, June 05). Bulk Carrier Sets Off from Ukraine with Grain for WFP in First Since Start of War. Available online: https:\/\/www.wfp.org\/stories\/bulk-carrier-sets-ukraine-grain-wfp-first-start-war."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6879","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120606879","article-title":"Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of Lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic vs. Conventional Agricultural Methods","volume":"12","author":"Barbosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"IEA (2013). Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy, IRENA."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"World Bank (2019). The Role of Desalination in an Increasingly Water-Scarce World, World Bank."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Chapagain, A.K., and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2003). Virtual Water Flows Between Nations in Relation to Trade in Livestock and Livestock Products, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2527\/af.2012-0038","article-title":"The hidden water resource use behind meat and dairy","volume":"2","author":"Hoekstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekonnen, M.M., and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010). The Green, Blue and Grey Water Footprint of Farm Animals and Animal Products. Volume 1: Main Report, UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education.","DOI":"10.5194\/hessd-8-763-2011"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"261","article-title":"A century of Saudi-Qatari food insecurity: Paradigmatic shifts in the geopolitics, economics and sustainability of Gulf states animal agriculture","volume":"20","author":"Lambert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arab World Geogr."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Committee on World Food Security (2022). Time to Act Together: Coordinating Policy Responses to the Global Food Security Crisis, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP, and WHO (2025, May 15). The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024: Financing to End Hunger, Food Insecurity and Malnutrition in All Its Forms. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/handle\/20.500.14283\/cd1254en."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"OECD (2015). Trade Dimensions of Food Security, Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development (OECD) Publishing."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"OECD (2024). Risks and Resilience in Global Trade: Key Trends in 2023\u20132024, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"UAE (2021). UAE National Pathway for Food Systems Transformation, UN Food Systems Summit Hub."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"FAO (2025, May 15). The Importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation For Global Agricultural Markets and the Risks Associated with the Current Conflict. Available online: https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/4fce6098-a3ba-4742-b8f4-685454a5d409\/content?."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"World Bank (2025, October 10). Second Joint Statement by the Heads of FAO, IMF, WBG, WFP, and WTO on the Global Food Security and Nutrition Crisis. World Bank, Statement. Available online: https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/news\/statement\/2022\/09\/21\/second-joint-statement-by-the-heads-of-fao-imf-wbg-wfp-and-wto-on-the-global-food-security-and-nutrition-crisis."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/46\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:31:43Z","timestamp":1767198703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14010046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14010046","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}