{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:14:01Z","timestamp":1780402441965,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72272043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72272043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Heilongjiang Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project","award":["22JYB221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JYB221"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has profoundly transformed organizational systems, reshaping how employees interact with technology and adapt to changing work environments. However, the systemic mechanisms through which AI-induced technostress influences employee career growth remain insufficiently understood. Grounded in a socio-technical systems perspective, this study conceptualizes organizations as adaptive systems where technological, organizational, and human subsystems dynamically interact. We propose a dual-path framework that distinguishes between challenge-related technostressors (a resource-gain process) and hindrance-related technostressors (a resource-loss process), elucidating how AI-related pressures can simultaneously foster and hinder career development. Furthermore, employee resilience and organizational AI support are incorporated as systemic moderators that modulate the intensity of these effects within the human\u2013AI\u2013organization system. Using two-stage survey data from 326 matched pairs of employees and supervisors, results largely support the proposed model, with some pathways showing marginal significance. The findings reveal that AI challenge-related technostressors stimulate proactive adaptation and skill development, whereas hindrance-related technostressors generate anxiety and insecurity, thereby impeding growth. This research extends systems theory by demonstrating how technostressors function as an emergent property of human\u2013technology interactions and provides actionable insights for designing more adaptive and resilient socio-technical work systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T09:34:12Z","timestamp":1767778452000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Understanding AI Technostress and Employee Career Growth from a Socio-Technical Systems Perspective: A Dual-Path Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tiezeng","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinglan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.2307\/41409963","article-title":"Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications","volume":"35","author":"Ayyagari","year":"2011","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12169","article-title":"The technostress trifecta\u2014Techno eustress, techno distress and design: Theoretical directions and an agenda for research","volume":"29","author":"Tarafdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2020\/14818","article-title":"The bright and dark sides of technostress: A mixed-methods study involving healthcare IT","volume":"44","author":"Califf","year":"2020","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"123","article-title":"Technostress and the hierarchical levels of personality: A two-wave study with multiple data samples","volume":"31","author":"Maier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12042","article-title":"Technostress: Negative effect on performance and possible mitigations","volume":"25","author":"Tarafdar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12067","article-title":"Technostress creators and job outcomes: Theorising the moderating influence of personality traits","volume":"25","author":"Srivastava","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2016.08.020","article-title":"Social media-induced technostress: Its impact on the job performance of it professionals and the moderating role of job characteristics","volume":"114","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1070.0165","article-title":"The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation","volume":"19","author":"Tarafdar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"563","article-title":"Coping with technostress: A theoretical review","volume":"29","author":"Ayyagari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"313","article-title":"Coping with technostress: When emotional responses fail","volume":"29","author":"Pirkkalainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"2200","article-title":"The impact of computer self-efficacy and technology dependence on technostress","volume":"27","author":"Shu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.020","article-title":"Technostress in ICT-enabled collaborative learning environment: An empirical study among Indian academic staff","volume":"51","author":"Jena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"259","article-title":"Examining impacts of technostress on the professional salesperson\u2019s behavioural performance","volume":"39","author":"Tarafdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pers. Sell. Sales Manag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2005.18803921","article-title":"A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor\u2013hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance","volume":"48","author":"Lepine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12015","article-title":"The dark side of information technology use: A longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"Tarafdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"301","article-title":"Technostress research: A critical review and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Ayyagari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.46.4.839","article-title":"Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis","volume":"46","author":"Folkman","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"614","article-title":"Understanding the Dynamic and Episodic Nature of Technostressors and Their Effects on Cyberdeviance: A Daily Field Investigation","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inf. Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klonek, F.E., and Parker, S.K. (2025). Does AI at Work Increase Stress? Text Mining Social Media about Human\u2013AI Team Processes and AI Control. J. Organ. Behav.","DOI":"10.1002\/job.70000"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105442","article-title":"Anxiety or Engaged? Technostress and Employees\u2019 Innovative Behavior in the Era of AI","volume":"259","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"von Bertalanffy, L. (1968). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, George Braziller."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Checkland, P.B. (1981). Systems Thinking, Systems Practice, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675100400101","article-title":"Some Social and Psychological Consequences of the Longwall Method of Coal-Getting","volume":"4","author":"Trist","year":"1951","journal-title":"Hum. Relat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2735","article-title":"A Multilevel Review of Artificial Intelligence in Organizations: Implications for Organizational Behavior Research and Practice","volume":"45","author":"Bankins","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2020.1796286","article-title":"Workers\u2019 Technostress: A Review of its Causes, Strains, Inhibitors, and Impacts","volume":"29","author":"Nisafani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.85.1.65","article-title":"An empirical examination of self-reported work stress among U.S. managers","volume":"85","author":"Cavanaugh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.12.053","article-title":"Does personal social media usage affect efficiency and well-being?","volume":"46","author":"Brooks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02812-0","article-title":"The Double-Edged Sword Effects of Perceived Algorithmic Control on Platform Workers\u2019 Service Performance","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2012.01.014","article-title":"Organizational career growth, affective occupational commitment and turnover intentions","volume":"80","author":"Weng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2008.08.007","article-title":"Protean attitude and career success: The mediating role of self-management","volume":"73","author":"Soens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"105","article-title":"Another look at the role of emotion in the stress process: Challenge to the hindrance model","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.2.438","article-title":"Differential challenge stressor\u2013hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"92","author":"Podsakoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8791(03)00049-6","article-title":"Relations between stress and work outcomes: The role of felt challenge and hindrance","volume":"64","author":"Boswell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-05040-2","article-title":"The Dark Side of AI Adoption: Linking Artificial Intelligence Adoption to Employee Depression via Psychological Safety and Ethical Leadership","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2014.3","article-title":"Giving too much social support: Social overload on social networking sites","volume":"24","author":"Maier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Lazarus, R.S., and Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping, Springer."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands\u2013resources model of burnout","volume":"86","author":"Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"404","article-title":"Technostress and the smart hospitality employee","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bauwens, R., Denissen, M., Van Beurden, J., and Coun, M. (2021). Can leaders prevent technology from backfiring? Empowering leadership as a double-edged sword for technostress in care. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.702648"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2019.1661092","article-title":"Deliberate or instinctive? Proactive and reactive coping for technostress","volume":"36","author":"Pirkkalainen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1080\/12460125.2021.1901337","article-title":"Mitigating the negative consequences of ICT use: The moderating effect of active-functional and dysfunctional coping","volume":"31","author":"Becker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Decis. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-06-2020-0313","article-title":"Countering effects of technostress on productivity: Moderating role of proactive personality","volume":"28","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Benchmarking Int. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-03-2021-0198","article-title":"Employee deviance: The impacts of techno-insecurity and moral disengagement","volume":"36","author":"Chiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Technol. People"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleem, F., Malik, M.I., Qureshi, S.S., Farid, M.F., and Qamar, S. (2021). Technostress and employee performance nexus during COVID-19: Training and creative self-efficacy as moderators. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.595119"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1108\/13620430911005708","article-title":"Career commitment and career success: Moderating role of self-efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Ballout","year":"2009","journal-title":"Career Dev. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S441444","article-title":"Does AI-driven technostress promote or hinder employees\u2019 artificial intelligence adoption intention? A moderated mediation model of affective reactions and technical self-efficacy","volume":"17","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"84","article-title":"The potential substitution risk of artiticial intelligence and employees\u2019 professional ability development: From the perspective of employees\u2019 insecurity","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Dev. China"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"111","article-title":"Study on the relationship between massive-scale utilization of industrial robots and job insecurity: The moderating effects of employee\u2019s career ability","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bus. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2022.0426","article-title":"When and how artificial intelligence augments employee creativity","volume":"67","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21582440251400532","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440251400532","article-title":"The Impact of AI Awareness on Employees\u2019 Job Burnout: A Chain Mediation of Perceived Organizational Support and Organizational Commitment","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-09-2020-1038","article-title":"Employees\u2019 challenge-hindrance appraisals toward STARA awareness and competitive productivity: A micro-level case","volume":"33","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCHM-07-2020-0789","article-title":"Influences of artificial intelligence (AI) awareness on career competency and job burnout","volume":"33","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12126","DOI":"10.1002\/isd2.12126","article-title":"Technology-related factors and their influence on turnover intentions: A case of government employees in South Africa","volume":"86","author":"Mahlasela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electron. J. Inf. Syst. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2019.02.006","article-title":"Hotel employee\u2019s artificial intelligence and robotics awareness and its impact on turnover intention: The moderating roles of perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate","volume":"73","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/joop.12502","article-title":"Attitudes towards artificial intelligence at work: Scale development and validation","volume":"97","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Occup. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2023.103282","article-title":"Smart technology and service employees\u2019 job crafting: Relationship between STARA awareness, performance pressure, receiving and giving help, and job crafting","volume":"73","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2332","article-title":"Reorienting job crafting research: A hierarchical structure of job crafting concepts and integrative review","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.00162","article-title":"\u201cI\u201d value freedom, but \u201cwe\u201d value relationships: Self-construal priming mirrors cultural differences in judgment","volume":"10","author":"Gardner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diener, E., and Suh, E.M. (2000). The pursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy: Cultural patterns of self, social relations, and well-being. Culture and Subjective Well-Being, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2242.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-8791(80)90056-1","article-title":"A life-span, life-space approach to career development","volume":"16","author":"Super","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"827","article-title":"Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation","volume":"36","author":"Parker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2010.49388995","article-title":"Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations","volume":"53","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"102379","article-title":"In the hearts and minds of employees: A model of pre-adoptive appraisal toward artificial intelligence in organizations","volume":"60","author":"Chiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1017\/iop.2016.39","article-title":"Resilient employees in resilient organizations: Flourishing beyond adversity","volume":"9","author":"Kuntz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Organ. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1177\/1548051812465893","article-title":"Meeting the leadership challenge of employee well-being through relationship PsyCap and health PsyCap","volume":"20","author":"Luthans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Leadersh. Organ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"243","article-title":"Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management","volume":"21","author":"Beck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"63","article-title":"Development and initial validation of the workplace resilience inventory","volume":"12","author":"McLarnon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pers. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1108\/JMP-02-2018-0102","article-title":"Employee resilience: Development and validation of a measure","volume":"34","author":"Malinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120276","article-title":"Technological disruption and employment: The influence on job insecurity and turnover intentions: A multi-country study","volume":"161","author":"Brougham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120302","article-title":"The contingent effect of job automating technology awareness on perceived job insecurity: Exploring the moderating role of organizational culture","volume":"161","author":"Lingmont","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.08.017","article-title":"Technology usage, expected job sustainability, and perceived job insecurity","volume":"138","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1017\/jmo.2016.55","article-title":"Smart technology, artificial intelligence, robotics, and algorithms (STARA): Employees\u2019 perceptions of our future workplace","volume":"24","author":"Brougham","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Manag. Organ."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120880","article-title":"Understanding AI adoption in manufacturing and production firms using an integrated TAM-TOE model","volume":"170","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2013.1064","article-title":"When and why people engage in different forms of proactive behavior: Interactive effects of self-construals and work characteristics","volume":"61","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(83)90145-9","article-title":"Organizational determinants of job stress","volume":"32","author":"Parker","year":"1983","journal-title":"Organ. Behav. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.05.003","article-title":"The relationship between career growth and organizational commitment","volume":"77","author":"Weng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Behav."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., and Teng, Y. (2025). The double-edged sword effect of artificial intelligence awareness on organisational citizenship behaviour: A study based on knowledge workers. Behav. Inf. Technol., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2025.2462267"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, A., Ke, W., Lm, S.K., Siu, A., Mendes, A.J., and Marcelino, M.J. (2017, January 18\u201321). A teacher\u2019s view about introductory programming teaching and learning \u2014 Portuguese and Macanese perspectives. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), Indianapolis, IN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2017.8190493"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tondro, M., Jahanbakht, M., and Ozay, D. (2025). Enhancing IoT Technology Acquisition in Emerging Economies: Insights and Recommendations Using Analytical Case Study Review of IoT Startups. Businesses, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/businesses5020020"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2025.103341","article-title":"Generating evolving region embedding with memory-based graph for dynamic urban sensing","volume":"115","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1","article-title":"JiuTian\u00b7 Chuanliu: A Large Spatiotemporal Model for General-purpose Dynamic Urban Sensing","volume":"16","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2023.101946","article-title":"Generic dynamic graph convolutional network for traffic flow forecasting","volume":"100","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/58\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:21:31Z","timestamp":1767936091000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/58"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14010058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14010058","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}