{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:46:59Z","timestamp":1774658819083,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2025 Self-developed\u2014Public Administration 08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025 Self-developed\u2014Public Administration 08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Public Administration Self-Developed 11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Public Administration Self-Developed 11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Chengdu Green Low Carbon Research Center of the Chengdu Philosophy and Social Sciences Research Center","award":["LD202515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LD202515"]}]},{"name":"China (Dazhou) Cross-border E-commerce Research Institute 2025 Annual Project","award":["DZKJDS2025107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DZKJDS2025107"]}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Sichuan Oil and Gas Development Research Center","award":["2025SY010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SY010"]}]},{"name":"2025 Annual Philosophy and Social Science Research Project of Fujian Province Education System","award":["JAS25272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JAS25272"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using panel data from 273 prefecture-level cities in China from 2008 to 2020, this study employs the Entropy Weight Method -Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (EWM-TOPSIS) model to measure people\u2019s well-being and applies a staggered Difference-in-Differences (DID) model to evaluate the impact of the carbon emissions trading system on people\u2019s well-being. The findings indicate that the carbon emissions trading system generally improves people\u2019s well-being. The mechanism analysis reveals that the primary channel through which the carbon emissions trading system improves people\u2019s well-being is the stimulation of green technology innovation. Additionally, fiscal expenditure decentralization negatively moderates the carbon emissions trading system\u2019s impact on people\u2019s well-being, whereas marketization degree does not exert a moderating effect. Further research reveals that fiscal expenditure decentralization exhibits a double threshold effect, while the degree of marketization displays a single threshold effect. The carbon emissions trading system exhibits heterogeneous impacts on people\u2019s well-being. From a regional perspective, the carbon emissions trading system enhances people\u2019s well-being in non-Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) regions, whereas it dampens people\u2019s well-being in YREB cities. Regarding resource endowment, the carbon emissions trading system positively influences people\u2019s well-being in non-resource-based cities, but its impact remains statistically insignificant in resource-based cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T09:34:12Z","timestamp":1767778452000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Well-Being Effects of a Carbon Emissions Trading System: Evidence from 273 Chinese Cities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9533-4393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of International Relations & Public Affairs, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0548-7511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinyun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2022.115650","article-title":"Market Incentives, Carbon Quota Allocation and Carbon Emission Reduction: Evidence from China\u2019s Carbon Trading Pilot Policy","volume":"319","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2020.101565","article-title":"Evaluation of China\u2019s Carbon Emission Trading Policy from Corporate Innovation","volume":"39","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136755","article-title":"Can Carbon Emission Trading Pilot Facilitate Green Development Performance? Evidence From a Quasi-Natural Experiment in China","volume":"400","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2021.107045","article-title":"Less is More: The Implicit Sustainability Content of the Human Development Index","volume":"185","author":"Assa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128587","article-title":"Wealth-Adjusted Human Development Index","volume":"318","author":"Resce","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150103","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0103","article-title":"Guiding Principles for Evaluating the Impacts of Conservation Interventions on Human Well-Being","volume":"370","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y.Z., Wang, W.X., Yu, L.H., Zhou, W., and Fu, Z.T. (2022). Influence of Livelihood Capital Level and Structure on Rural Households\u2019 Payment Willingness for Rural Human Settlement Improvement: Evidence from Hubei Province, China. Agriculture, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12111808"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.M., Zhong, C.Y., and Wang, Y. (2024). Measurement, Spatial Differences and Driving Effects of Well-Being Levels in China. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311291"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.104987","article-title":"Global Diversity in Spatial (Rural-Urban) Well-Being in over 100 Countries","volume":"149","author":"Counted","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/00472875211054571","article-title":"COVID-19-Induced Redundancy and Socio-Psychological Well-Being of Tourism Employees: Implications for Organizational Recovery in a Resource-Scarce Context","volume":"62","author":"Kimbu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Travel Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2024.104955","article-title":"Eliciting Eudaimonic Well-Being in the Tourism Experiential Space: Evidence from Online Reviews","volume":"105","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2023.104438","article-title":"Digital Financial Literacy and Financial Well-Being","volume":"58","author":"Choung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2024.105638","article-title":"Spatial-Temporal Coupling Characteristics and Interaction Effects of Economic Resilience and People\u2019s Livelihoods and Well-Being: An Analysis of 78 Cities in the Yellow River Basin","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reseneeco.2020.101213","article-title":"Well-Being Effects of Extreme Weather Events in the United States","volume":"64","author":"Ahmadiani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eap.2024.10.034","article-title":"Pro-Growth or Limit on: How Environmental Regulations Affect Residents\u2019 Well-Being","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ. Anal. Policy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2020.101794","article-title":"The Role of Financial Deepening and Green Technology on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Major OECD Economies","volume":"41","author":"Paramati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.121229","article-title":"Impact of Carbon Emission Trading System on Green Technology Innovation of Energy Enterprises in China","volume":"360","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112225","article-title":"Impact of Innovation in Marine Energy Generation, Distribution, or Transmission-Related Technologies on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the United States","volume":"159","author":"Xin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"183","article-title":"Research on the Impact of Carbon Emission Trading System on Low-Carbon Technology Innovation","volume":"11","author":"Lyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbon Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.120744","article-title":"Do Carbon Emission Trading Schemes Stimulate Green Innovation in Enterprises? Evidence from China","volume":"168","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119012","article-title":"Does Carbon Emissions Trading Promote Green Technology Innovation in China?","volume":"315","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10640-010-9399-9","article-title":"Abatement and Allocation in the Pilot Phase of the EU ETS","volume":"48","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Resour. Econ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.2703","article-title":"Free Trade and Carbon Emissions Revisited: The Asymmetric Impacts of Trade Diversification and Trade Openness","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTM.2024.137052","article-title":"Do Carbon Emissions Trading Pilots Effectively Reduce CO2 emissions? County-Level Evidence from Eastern China","volume":"95","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Technol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123229","article-title":"How Does Technological Innovation Moderate the Environmental Impacts of Economic Growth, Natural Resource Rents and Trade Openness?","volume":"371","author":"Ehigiamusoe","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reseneeco.2018.03.001","article-title":"The Impacts of the EU ETS on Efficiency and Economic Performance\u2014An Empirical Analyses for German Manufacturing Firms","volume":"56","author":"Loschel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/14693062.2024.2358986","article-title":"The Impact of Carbon Emission Trading Schemes on China\u2019s Economic Inequalities Between and Within Urban and Rural Areas Based on the Satellite Data: A County-Level Analysis","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clim. Policy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123838","article-title":"The Effects of Trade Openness on Decoupling Carbon Emissions from Economic Growth\u2014Evidence from 182 countries","volume":"279","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118331","article-title":"The Impact of Institutional Quality on Economic Growth and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Indonesia, South Korea and Thailand","volume":"241","author":"Salman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25071","DOI":"10.1007\/s10668-023-03670-7","article-title":"The Threshold Analysis of Economic Growth, FDI and Trade on Environment Pollution in China Using Provincial Panel Data","volume":"26","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Dev. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2022.102605","article-title":"The Asymmetric Effects of Fossil Fuel Dependency on The Carbon Intensity of Well-Being: A US State-Level Analysis, 1999\u20132017","volume":"77","author":"Thombs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change-Hum. Policy Dimens."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.138367","article-title":"Exploring The Carbon Inequality Embodied in China\u2019s Interregional Trade Based on a Human Well-Being Equity Perspective","volume":"420","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdae055","article-title":"Does Pricing Carbon Mitigate Climate Change? Firm-Level Evidence from the European Union Emissions Trading System","volume":"92","author":"Colmer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c00248","article-title":"Has Carbon Emissions Trading Reduced PM2.5 in China?","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhong, H., Weng, Z.X., Guo, X.B., Kim, S.E., and Wu, S.W. (2023). PM2.5 Concentration Decline Saves Health Expenditure in China. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 17.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-023-1690-4"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"101794","article-title":"Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of Neutral Carbon Trading Scheme and Revenue Recycling Impacts on Income Distribution in China","volume":"11","author":"Qi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.37.3.1120","article-title":"An Essay on Fiscal Federalism","volume":"37","author":"Oates","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Econ. Lit."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.9.4.97","article-title":"Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship","volume":"9","author":"Porter","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1086\/261725","article-title":"Endogenous Technological Change","volume":"98","author":"Romer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.119417","article-title":"How Does Green Finance Affect Energy Efficiency? The Role of Green Technology Innovation and Energy Structure","volume":"219","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106929","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2023.106929","article-title":"The Impact of Carbon Emission Trading Policy on Overcapacity of Companies: Evidence from China","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.15244\/pjoes\/175299","article-title":"Financialization, Heterogeneous Environmental Regulation, and Corporate Green Innovation: Evidence from China","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pol. J. Environ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56540-3","article-title":"Carbon Pricing Drives Critical Transition to Green Growth","volume":"16","author":"Mengesha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"4","article-title":"New Structural Environmental Economics: New Framework and New Insights","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econ. Theory Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2025.101725","article-title":"Measuring and Optimizing Pathways for Regional Economic and Low-Carbon Coordination Effects: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2023.104488","article-title":"The Performance and Influencing Factors of High-Quality Development of Resource-Based Cities in the Yellow River Basin Under Reducing Pollution and Carbon Emissions Constraints","volume":"88","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Policy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2025.106228","article-title":"Digital Infrastructure Construction and Urban Industrial Chain Resilience: Evidence from the \u201cBroadband China\u201d Strategy","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123196","article-title":"Assessing the Utility of Low-Emission Pilot Policies for Facilitating Pollution Reduction and Carbon Mitigation: An Empirical Investigation Using Multi-Temporal Double Difference Analysis","volume":"371","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(99)00025-1","article-title":"Threshold Effects in Non-Dynamic Panels: Estimation, Testing, and Inference","volume":"93","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.126578","article-title":"Does National Forest City Construction Promote the Synergistic Development of Environment and Welfare?","volume":"391","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2025.114234","article-title":"Coupling Analysis of Resident Well-Being and Ecosystem Services Under Sustainable Development Goals: A Case Study of China\u2019s Coastal Regions","volume":"179","author":"Ke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162708","article-title":"Influences of the Ongoing Digital Transformation of the Chinese Economy on Innovation of Sustainable Green Technologies","volume":"875","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2024.107681","article-title":"Fiscal Decentralization\u2019s Impact on Carbon Emissions and its Interactions with Environmental Regulations, Economic Development, and Industrialization: Evidence from 288 cities in China","volume":"110","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.18306\/dlkxjz.2024.12.007","article-title":"The Impact of Financial Centrality on Urban Financial Risks in China","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"9","article-title":"Marketization Index for China\u2019s Provinces","volume":"3","author":"Fan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.M., Qiu, Y.T., Jia, L.J., and Zhou, H. (2022). Carbon Emissions Trading and Green Technology Innovation\u2014A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on a Carbon Trading Market Pilot. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192416700"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108579","article-title":"The Health and Welfare Effects of Environmental Governance: Evidence from China","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2024.116624","article-title":"Does Digital Infrastructure Improve Public Health? A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on China\u2019s Broadband Policy","volume":"344","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014","article-title":"Difference-in-differences with Variation in Treatment Timing","volume":"225","author":"Goodman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04077-z","article-title":"How Does Digital Economy Affect the Industry Chain Resilience in China?","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113582","article-title":"Air Pollution and Climate Change Drive Health Inequities Across China\u2019s Provinces (2000\u20132023)","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, C.Y., Zhu, J.X., and Chen, Z. (2024). Fiscal Decentralization, Environmental Regulation, and Green Technological Innovation: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16114385"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.X., Wang, H., Liang, C.Y., Liu, Z.H., and Wang, S.S. (2022). Carbon Market Volatility Analysis Based on Structural Breaks: Evidence from EU-ETS and China. Front. Environ. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.973855"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.01.047","article-title":"Role of Renewable Energy and Fiscal Policy on Trade Adjusted Carbon Emissions: Evaluating the role of Environmental Policy Stringency","volume":"205","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-30325-x","article-title":"Spatio-Temporal Changes and Root-Cause Identification for Embodied Carbon Emissions based on Production and Consumption in China\u2019s Yangtze River Economic Belt","volume":"30","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"100158","article-title":"Green Transformation Paths of Resource-Based Cities in China from the Configuration Perspective","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2025.106762","article-title":"The Spatial Spillover Effect and Nonlinear Influence Mechanism of Digital Economy on Urban Shrinkage","volume":"171","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2025.114891","article-title":"Regional Inequality of European ETS-2","volume":"208","author":"Perdana","year":"2026","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2018.04.035","article-title":"Carbon Pricing and System Linking: Lessons from the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme","volume":"73","author":"Tulloch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1162\/REST_a_00470","article-title":"Environmental Policy and Directed Technological Change: Evidence from the European Carbon Market","volume":"98","author":"Calel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91193-4","article-title":"Effects of Emission Trading Schemes on Corporate Carbon Productivity and Implications for Firm-Level Responses","volume":"11","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2319908121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2319908121","article-title":"The European Union Emissions Trading System Might Yield Large Co-Benefits from Pollution Reduction","volume":"121","author":"Basaglia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/59\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T05:20:16Z","timestamp":1767936016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/1\/59"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14010059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14010059","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]}}}