{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:40:38Z","timestamp":1768509638805,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72072144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72072144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71672144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71672144"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["71372173"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71372173"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Innovation Capability Support Program Soft Science Research Program","award":["2024ZC-YBXM-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZC-YBXM-031"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Innovation Capability Support Program Soft Science Research Program","award":["2025WZ-YBXM-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025WZ-YBXM-18"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Innovation Capability Support Program Soft Science Research Program","award":["2021KRM183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021KRM183"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Innovation Capability Support Program Soft Science Research Program","award":["2019KRZ007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019KRZ007"]}]},{"name":"The Key Project of Soft Science Research Plan of Xi'an Science and Technology Bureau","award":["23RKYJ0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23RKYJ0001"]}]},{"name":"The Key Project of Soft Science Research Plan of Xi'an Science and Technology Bureau","award":["21RKYJ0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21RKYJ0009"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Philosophy and Social Science Research Special Project","award":["2025HZ1127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025HZ1127"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Province Philosophy and Social Science Research Special Project","award":["2023HZ1036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023HZ1036"]}]},{"name":"The San Qin Talents Special Support Program for Leading Talents in Philosophy, Social Sciences, and Cultural Arts","award":["105-428824051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105-428824051"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The healthy evolution of an entrepreneurial ecosystem relies on the symbiotic relationships among its diverse internal actors. This study addresses a gap in entrepreneurial ecosystem research, which has predominantly focused on two-agent models, by constructing a tripartite symbiotic evolution model that incorporates entrepreneurial ventures, incubation chains, and customers. Based on the Logistic and Lotka-Volterra models, the research identifies the system\u2019s equilibrium points and their stability conditions. Simulations reveal evolutionary paths from parasitism and commensalism to mutualism. A comparative case study of SenseTime (Shanghai, China) and Lanma Technology (Shanghai, China) validates these findings. The comparison shows that an influx of multiple agents, coupled with the core venture\u2019s ability to strengthen key symbiotic coefficients, drives the ecosystem towards a dynamic multi-agent symbiosis in the post-optimization phase. Conversely, the failure to establish these robust reciprocal value flows leads to ecosystem fragility. The results indicate that: (1) Multi-agent entrepreneurial ecosystems are complex systems where symbiotic units form adaptive relationships for value creation, adhering to market laws. (2) The system\u2019s equilibrium depends on symbiotic coefficients, leading to four modes\u2014independent coexistence, parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism\u2014with mutualism being the optimal state. (3) The contrasting cases further demonstrate that the evolution towards mutualism is not automatic but hinges on the core venture\u2019s strategic agency in constructing and strengthening synergistic pathways with forward and backward linkages. This study provides a theoretical model for understanding the evolutionary mechanisms of entrepreneurial ecosystems and offers practical insights for optimizing ecosystem governance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T09:13:01Z","timestamp":1768209181000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Multi-Agent Symbiotic Evolution Model and Simulation Research of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiqing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Symbiotic Evolution Mechanism between Technology Startups and Entrepreneurial Platforms","volume":"43","author":"Hui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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