{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T21:11:47Z","timestamp":1769029907758,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010747","name":"Jilin University of Finance and Economics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["08255104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08255104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010747","name":"Jilin University of Finance and Economics","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["08258701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08258701"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In today\u2019s increasingly serious environmental problems, a growing number of enterprises are upgrading remanufacturing as an important corporate strategy. This paper compares two third-party remanufacturing models: the entrusting and Authorizing Models, and introduces two different levels of consumer low-carbon preferences: medium and high. By establishing game equations, we find the equilibrium solution of each model. The results reveal that in the basic model, OEM tends to choose the Authorizing Model when consumers have a pronounced quality bias against remanufactured products. Contrary to intuition, TRM always prefers the Entrusting Model. In scenarios where consumers possess medium low-carbon preferences, OEM tends to choose the Authorizing Model when consumers have a high bias against the quality of the remanufactured products or a low bias against the carbon emissions of the new products. Conversely, OEM tends to choose the entrusting remanufacturing model under the opposite conditions. In scenarios where consumers express high low-carbon preferences, the situation becomes the complete opposite. When consumers exhibit a low bias against remanufactured products\u2019 quality or a high bias against carbon emissions from new products, OEM tends to choose the Authorizing Model. Conversely, OEM prefers the Entrusting Model when consumers\u2019 biases differ. In addition, the consumer surplus and social welfare of the Entrusting Model are higher than those of the Authorizing Model, regardless of the research scenario.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14010098","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T13:27:53Z","timestamp":1768570073000},"page":"98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Remanufacturing Mode Selection Considering Different Low-Carbon Preferences of Consumers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5792-0612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business Management, Jilin University of Finance and Economics, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haowei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiming","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Business and Management, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14503","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-024-09390-y","article-title":"Comprehensive Overview on the Present State and Evolution of Global Warming, Climate Change, Greenhouse Gasses and Renewable Energy","volume":"49","author":"Bilgili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arab. 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