{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:13:23Z","timestamp":1778858003246,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Open Fund of Key Lab of Natural Resources Monitoring, Department of Natural Resources of Jiangsu Province","award":["JSNRM-2025A08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSNRM-2025A08"]}]},{"name":"Natural Resources Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Province","award":["JSZRKJ202517"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSZRKJ202517"]}]},{"name":"2024 Philosophy and Social Science Research in Colleges and Universities Program in Jiangsu Province","award":["2024SJYB0167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024SJYB0167"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urban parks play a vital role in mitigating the urban heat island effect and enhancing urban climate resilience. However, quantitative characterization of park cooling effects and the synergistic mechanisms among multiple factors remains limited. Focusing on the central urban area of Nanjing, a typical high-density subtropical city, this study analyzes Landsat 8\/9 imagery from 2022 to 2025. The inflection point method was used to quantify three core indicators\u2014cooling intensity, cooling distance, and cooling efficiency\u2014while Pearson correlation analysis was applied to identify key drivers and examine synergistic relationships. The results show that (1) urban parks exhibit a \u201ccentral aggregation\u2013peripheral diffusion\u201d pattern, which corresponds to pronounced spatial variability in the thermal environment; (2) park cooling effects display strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity, with notable interannual fluctuations in cooling intensity and a relatively stable cooling distance of approximately 400\u2013500 m; and (3) cooling performance is primarily governed by tri-factor synergy among park size, vegetation characteristics, and surrounding urban environmental conditions. Park size largely determines the cooling extent, whereas underlying surface properties and building density regulate or constrain cooling. These findings clarify quantitative patterns and composite drivers of park cooling in high-density cities and provide evidence to support climate-adaptive green space planning and urban heat mitigation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14020130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1769513742000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying Urban Park Cooling Effects and Tri-Factor Synergistic Mechanisms: A Case Study of Nanjing\u2019s Central Districts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"Observation Research Station of Land Ecology and Land Use in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210017, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"Observation Research Station of Land Ecology and Land Use in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210017, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5207-9886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"Observation Research Station of Land Ecology and Land Use in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210017, China"},{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4245-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiantao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5790-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-1966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geomatics Science and Technology, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"},{"name":"Observation Research Station of Land Ecology and Land Use in the Yangtze River Delta, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210017, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61394-w","article-title":"Mainstreaming the local climate zone framework for climate-resilient cities","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. 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