{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T15:47:30Z","timestamp":1780760850112,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Public passenger transport systems increasingly face the challenge of balancing economic efficiency with ecological sustainability, reflecting both policy objectives and passenger expectations. This study examines passenger perceptions of the economic and environmental aspects of public transport services and the factors influencing these perceptions, primarily based on survey data collected in Slovakia. The Slovak dataset was analysed using contingency analysis, namely Chi-square tests of independence, contingency coefficients, and sign scheme, and C5.0 decision tree classification models to identify key determinant of behavioural and attitudinal outcomes. In addition, descriptive comparisons with a complementary Polish sample are provided to illustrate potential differences in preference patterns across national contexts, without formal statistical inference. The results identify key socio-demographic and behavioural factors influencing passenger perceptions and usage patterns in Slovakia, while the complementary Polish sample is used to provide contextual descriptive comparison without formal testing. The study enhances scientific understanding of public transport by exploring the interaction between economic efficiency and ecological sustainability of transport services and provides practical recommendations for the strategic management of transport companies, especially in service modernisation, marketing communication, and support for sustainable mobility. The findings are relevant not only to Slovakia but also to broader European discussions on integrating economic and environmental dimensions into public transport development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14020143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T16:08:17Z","timestamp":1769702897000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Machine Learning Classification of Customer Perceptions of Public Passenger Transport with a Focus on Ecological and Economic Determinants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0196-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Kicova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4722-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Duricova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9242-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubica","family":"Gajanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5969-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Fabus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communications, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vujadinovic, V.L., Damnjanovic, A., Cakic, A., Petkovic, D.R., Prelevic, M., Pantovic, V., Stojanovic, M., Vidojevic, D., Vranjes, D., and Bodolo, I. (2024). AI-Driven Approach for Enhancing Sustainability in Urban Public Transportation. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16177763"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s44227-024-00023-2","article-title":"Smart and Sustainable Public Transportation\u2014A Need of Developing Countries","volume":"12","author":"Ashraf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Netw. Distrib. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"859","article-title":"Users\u2019 Perception of Innovation and Sustainability Management: Evidence from Public Transport","volume":"18","author":"Gelashvili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buyannemekh, B., Gasco-Hernandez, M., and Gil-Garcia, J.R. (2024). Fostering Smart Citizens: The Role of Public Libraries in Smart City Development. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16051750"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2024.105532","article-title":"Building Smarter Cities Together: Government-to-Government Partnerships in the Development of Smart Cities","volume":"156","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"193","article-title":"Transformation of Transport Accessibility and Tourism Development in Todzhinsky Kozhuun of the Republic of Tuva","volume":"2","author":"Kuklina","year":"2024","journal-title":"New Res. Tuva"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaschi-Uciecha, A. (2023). The Problem of Reliability in Public Transport for the Metropolis GMZ Area\u2014Pilots Studies. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15043199"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedovs, E., and Volkova, T. (2024). Sustainability: Is It a Strategic Management Research Fashion?. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.1422.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3761","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-08-2023-1423","article-title":"Conceptual Underpinnings: Theory Selection in Strategic Management Research","volume":"62","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.17973\/MMSJ.2024_10_2024051","article-title":"Integrating BSC\u2013DEA Approach and Artificial Intelligence in Innovation Management","volume":"2024","author":"Kocisova","year":"2024","journal-title":"MM Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s11128-024-04483-x","article-title":"\u201cFight Alone\u201d to \u201cWin-Win Cooperation\u201d: A Quantum Stag Hunt Game Model for Analyzing Cooperative R&D between Enterprises","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quantum Inf. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G.Y., Zhang, J.S., Tan, W., Zhang, S.M., and Yan, B.Q. (2023). Customer Knowledge Management Competence Evaluation of Agritourism Enterprises by Using the Balanced Scorecard and Fuzzy-AHP: Evidence from Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Circle. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280482"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunc, M. (2024). The Systems Thinking Approach to Strategic Management. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12060213"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"63","article-title":"The Effect of Application of Non-Financial Dimensions of Balanced Scorecard on Performance Evaluation: An Empirical Study from Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Abdelraheem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asian Financ. Econ. Bus."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.15544\/mts.2023.29","article-title":"Strategic Entrepreneurship from Middle Management Perspective","volume":"45","author":"Aricioglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Manag. Theory Stud. Rural Bus. Infrastruct. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-023-00321-y","article-title":"Performance Classification of Tunisian Public Transport Operators","volume":"15","author":"Derbel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alomari, A.H., Khedaywi, T., Jadaa, A., and Marian, A.R. (2023). Evaluation of Public Transport among University Commuters in Rural Areas. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15010312"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2020.08.009","article-title":"What Explains Public Transport Use? Evidence from Seven European Cities","volume":"99","author":"Gascon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2019.12.005","article-title":"Modeling the Desire for Using Public Transport","volume":"19","author":"Waygood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05005","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202020805005","article-title":"Competitiveness of the Public Transport and Car Owner Behavior: Interrelations and Contradictions in the Light of Sustainable Development of the Metropolis","volume":"208","author":"Skorobogatykh","year":"2020","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olsson, L.E., Friman, M., and L\u00e4ttman, K. (2021). Accessibility Barriers and Perceived Accessibility: Implications for Public Transport. Urban Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/urbansci5030063"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tbs.2022.03.007","article-title":"Exploring the Factors Influencing the Use of Public Transport by Commuters Living in Networks of Small Cities and Towns","volume":"28","author":"Rasca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Travel Behav. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.7307\/ptt.v34i6.4144","article-title":"Indicators Affecting the Operation of Public Transport in Regions and Their Interfaces","volume":"34","author":"Ranceva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Promet\u2014Traffic Transp."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naranjo, J.M.V., Gonz\u00e1lez-Escobar, R., Jim\u00e9nez-Espada, M., and Vivas, J.G. (2024). Resilience of Interurban Public Transport and Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Connectivity in Sparsely Populated Regions. Land, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/land13111778"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.09.725","article-title":"Modeling Household Residential Location Choice and Travel Behavior and Its Relationship with Public Transport Accessibility","volume":"54","author":"Nurlaela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"45","article-title":"The Paradox of Urban Travel Behavior on Public Transport Use: A Bibliometric and Critical Theoretical Review","volume":"26","author":"Kaamah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Telecommun. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12469-024-00367-6","article-title":"Scaling up public transport usage: A systematic literature review of service quality, satisfaction and attitude towards bus transport systems in developing countries","volume":"17","author":"Sogbe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"A93","article-title":"Analysis of the Impact of the Polish Residents\u2019 Mobility on the Environment","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun.\u2014Sci. Lett. Univ. \u017dilina"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2024.02.009","article-title":"The Transport Problem: The Need for Consistent Policies on Pricing and Investment","volume":"149","author":"Vickerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2022.102737","article-title":"Social Distancing and Revenue Management\u2014A Post-Pandemic Adaptation for Railways","volume":"114","author":"Haque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zukowska, S., Chmiel, B., and Po\u0142om, M. (2023). The Smart Village Concept and Transport Exclusion of Rural Areas\u2014A Case Study of a Village in Northern Poland. Land, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/land12010260"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12544-021-00476-4","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 Travel Behaviour Patterns: Impact on the Willingness to Pay of Users of Public Transport and Shared Mobility Services in Spain","volume":"13","author":"Julio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Transp. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minelgait\u0117, A., Dagili\u016bt\u0117, R., and Liobikien\u0117, G. (2020). The Usage of Public Transport and Impact of Satisfaction in the European Union. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12219154"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2020-0010","article-title":"Service Quality of the Urban Public Transport Companies and Sustainable City Logistics","volume":"10","author":"Chocholac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-020-10145-5","article-title":"Is It Expensive to Be Poor? Public Transport in Sweden","volume":"48","author":"Bondemark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2022.07.016","article-title":"The Effects of Public Transport Subsidies for Lower-Income Users on Public Transport Use: A Quasi-Experimental Study","volume":"126","author":"Guzman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.3390\/eng4020066","article-title":"Transit Behaviour and Sociodemographic Interrelation: Enhancing Urban Public-Transport Solutions","volume":"4","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Italiya, R., Dawda, N., Joshi, G.J., Arkatkar, S.S., and Dave, S.M. (2020). Understanding Users\u2019 Perception to Ride Multi-Modal Public Transport System. Preprint, Available online: https:\/\/easychair.org\/publications\/preprint\/Nw3n."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"215","article-title":"Crowding in Public Transport: Who Cares and Why?","volume":"100","author":"Haywood","year":"2015","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"12","article-title":"Assessment of the Service Quality in Public Transport (Analysis of Research in Lviv, Ukraine)","volume":"2","author":"Zhuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2022.07.008","article-title":"Service Quality Estimation and Improvement Plan of Bus Service: A Perception and Expectation-Based Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Deb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.5198\/jtlu.2020.1675","article-title":"Fear Follows Form: A Study of the Relationship between Neighborhood Type, Income and Fear of Crime at Train Stations","volume":"13","author":"Strandbygaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidorchuk, R.R., Lukina, A.V., Mkhitaryan, S.V., Skorobogatykh, I.I., and Stukalova, A.A. (2021). Local Resident Attitudes to the Sustainable Development of Urban Public Transport System. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su132212391"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"daad087","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daad087","article-title":"Urban\u2013Rural Differences in Perceived Environmental Opportunities for Physical Activity: A 2002\u20132017 Time-Trend Analysis in Europe","volume":"38","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Promot. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., and Cao, Y. (2023). Research on the Influence of Ecological Environment Satisfaction and Income Level on Chinese Residents\u2019 Happiness: Empirical Analysis Based on CGSS Data. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15108175"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Agresti, A. (2018). Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, Pearson. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics, SAGE Publications. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Rea, L.M., and Parker, R.A. (1992). Designing and Conducting Survey Research, Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2307\/2529686","article-title":"The Analysis of Residuals in Cross-Classified Tables","volume":"29","author":"Haberman","year":"1973","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"8","article-title":"Your Chi-Square Test Is Statistically Significant: Now What?","volume":"20","author":"Sharpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pract. Assess. Res. Eval."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-024-00681-7","article-title":"Development of Decision Tree Classification Algorithms in Predicting Mortality of COVID-19 Patients","volume":"17","author":"Sheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022643204877","article-title":"Induction of Decision Trees","volume":"1","author":"Quinlan","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"3133","article-title":"Do We Need Hundreds of Classifiers to Solve Real World Classification Problems?","volume":"15","author":"Cernadas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6469054","article-title":"Application of Decision Tree-Based Classification Algorithm on Content Marketing","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Math."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2008.239","article-title":"Learning from Imbalanced Data","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.953","article-title":"SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-Sampling Technique","volume":"16","author":"Chawla","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Artif. Intell. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Materna, M., Duricova, L., and Maternov\u00e1, A. (2025). Patterns and Causes of Aviation Accidents in Slovakia: A 17-Year Analysis. Aerospace, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/aerospace12080694"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hinojosa Lee, M.C., Braet, J., and Springael, J. (2024). Performance Metrics for Multilabel Emotion Classification: Comparing Micro, Macro, and Weighted F1-Scores. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14219863"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114530","article-title":"European Union Co-Funded Investments in Low-Emission and Green Energy in Urban Public Transport in Poland","volume":"200","author":"Kozera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1108\/BIJ-10-2022-0632","article-title":"Co-Creating Organizational Performance and Project Success through Customer Participation, Requirement Risk and Knowledge Integration: A Multi-Study Evidence","volume":"31","author":"Tabassum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Benchmarking"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"584","article-title":"Using Supplementary Reviews to Improve Customer Requirement Identification and Product Design Development","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Manag. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2024.08.010","article-title":"The Impact of Public Transport Priority Policy on Private Car Ownership and Use: A Study on the Moderating Effects of Bus Satisfaction","volume":"106","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"701","article-title":"Public Transport Use among the Urban and Rural Elderly in China: Effects of Personal, Attitudinal, Household, Social-Environment and Built-Environment Factors","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, C.L., and Dunning, A.E. (1997). Land Use Transportation Interaction: An Examination of the 1995 NPTS Data [Dataset]. PsycExtra.","DOI":"10.1037\/e453732008-001"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/00420980500534677","article-title":"Accessibility, Activity Participation and Location of Activities: Exploring the Links between Residential Location and Travel Behaviour","volume":"43","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Stud."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"3","article-title":"How Built Environment Affects Travel Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of the Connections between Land Use and Vehicle Miles Traveled in US Cities","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transp. Land Use"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2021.02.016","article-title":"Residential Relocation and Travel Behavior Change: Investigating the Effects of Changes in the Built Environment, Activity Space Dispersion, Car and Bike Ownership, and Travel Attitudes","volume":"147","author":"Ramezani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, X., Liang, J., Ji, X., and Cottrill, C.D. (2019). The Influence of Information Services on Public Transport Behavior of Urban and Rural Residents. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11195454"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"336","article-title":"Changing the Parameters of the Urban Transport System with Introduction of Fees from Car Owners for Using the Road Network and Variations in Public Transport Fare","volume":"23","author":"Zakharov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2024.101358","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Transport vs. Car Usage: A Data Envelopment Analysis of Efficiency in the South Moravian Region, Czech Republic","volume":"16","author":"Gochitidze","year":"2025","journal-title":"Case Stud. Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.54740\/ros.2024.058","article-title":"Analysis of Tools Supporting Travel Planning by Public Transport in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a","volume":"26","author":"Ejdys","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rocz. Ochr. Sr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1111\/iere.70008","article-title":"Public Transit Access and Income Segregation","volume":"66","author":"Akbar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.3138\/jccpe-2023-0023","article-title":"How to Improve Public Transport","volume":"2","author":"Mason","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. City Clim. Policy Econ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubtr.2023.100061","article-title":"Assessing Public Transport Loyalty in a Car-Dominated Society: The Case of Luxembourg","volume":"25","author":"Maciejewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Public Transp."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"1","article-title":"When Nudges Aren\u2019t Enough: Incentives and Habit Formation in Public Transport Usage","volume":"190","author":"Gravert","year":"2019","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10023-9","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial in Travel Demand Management","volume":"47","author":"Rosenfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/2\/143\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:13:03Z","timestamp":1770959583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/2\/143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14020143"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14020143","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}}}