{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:43:24Z","timestamp":1779201804231,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Firat University Scientific Research Projects","award":["MF.25.102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MF.25.102"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ensuring the reliable, auditable, and privacy-oriented distribution of donations in disaster logistics constitutes a critical challenge due to multi-stakeholder coordination difficulties and the risk of misuse. This study presents a modular architecture, named SecureRelief, operating on a permissioned Hyperledger Fabric platform. The architecture integrates authentication based on Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI), Decentralized Identifiers (DID), and WebAuthn, together with Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC), and enables the verification of delivery evidence through privacy-preserving validation using zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP). Documents are stored off-chain on the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), while only cryptographic summary (hash) values sufficient for integrity verification are maintained on-chain. In scenario-based laboratory experiments, the blockchain layer demonstrated low latency (p95 &lt; 16 ms) and stable transaction throughput, confirming its scalability. While the API layer handled high burst request loads with a 0% error rate, the additional computational overhead introduced by the integrated privacy-preserving (ZKP) mechanisms kept the end-to-end transaction latency within acceptable limits for disaster management applications (3.5\u20134.5 s).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14020171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T13:56:23Z","timestamp":1770213383000},"page":"171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Blockchain-Enabled Architecture for Secure and Transparent Distribution of Disaster Relief Supplies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6569-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr","family":"Karaduman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, F\u0131rat University, Elaz\u0131\u011f 23119, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1631-1181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclsena","family":"G\u00fclhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, F\u0131rat University, Elaz\u0131\u011f 23119, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22642","article-title":"Unearthing the impact of earthquakes: A review of economic and social consequences","volume":"44","author":"Aksoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Policy Anal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., Liu, Y., Yun, H., Cao, C., and Liu, X. (2025). Pre and Post-Disaster Allocation Strategies of Relief Items in the Presence of Resilience. Systems, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13080704"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2023.103530","article-title":"Model of multi-period emergency material allocation for large-scale sudden natural disasters in humanitarian logistics: Efficiency, effectiveness and equity","volume":"85","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zhang, N., and Qin, J. (2025). An Inter-Regional Lateral Transshipment Model to Massive Relief Supplies with Deprivation Costs. Mathematics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/math13142298"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6stepen, Z.N., and Selim, H. (2025). Literature Review on Humanitarian Logistics in Disaster Management: A Risk-Oriented Approach. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17219773"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, B., He, C., and Guo, Y. (2025). Building Disaster Resilience: A Sustainable Approach to Integrated Road Rehabilitation and Emergency Logistics Optimization in Extreme Events. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su172310591"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"49","article-title":"Evaluating Flood Risk Assessment in Turkey: Advancing Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience","volume":"112","author":"Khaddour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eng. Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Safak, I., Okan, T., and Karademir, D. (2023). Perceptions of Turkish Forest Firefighters on In-Service Trainings. Fire, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/fire6020038"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, H., Dervisoglu, A., and Sunar, A.F. (2024). Exploring Forest Fire Dynamics: Fire Danger Mapping in Antalya Region, T\u00fcrkiye. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13030074"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00dclk\u00fc, M.A., Bookbinder, J.H., and Yun, N.Y. (2024). Leveraging Industry 4.0 Technologies for Sustainable Humanitarian Supply Chains: Evidence from the Extant Literature. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16031321"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shevchuk, R., Lishchynskyy, I., Ciura, M., Lyzun, M., Kozak, R., and Kasianchuk, M. (2025). Application of Blockchain Technology in Emergency Management Systems: A Bibliometric Analysis. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15105405"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karaduman, \u00d6., and G\u00fclhas, G. (2025). Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Management: A Review of Security, Traceability, and Data Integrity Amid the Evolving Systemic Demand. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15095168"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinaldi, M., Caterino, M., Riemma, S., Macchiaroli, R., and Fera, M. (2025). Emergency Supply Chain Resilience Enhanced Through Blockchain and Digital Twin Technology. Logistics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/logistics9010043"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2025.03.056","article-title":"Risk Management in Transportation Systems: The use of Blockchain for risk reduction in disaster\u2019s occurrence","volume":"257","author":"Astarita","year":"2025","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Jha, P.K., Priya, S., Chandrakar, K., and Pradhan, A. (2024, January 24\u201326). Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Transparency and Smart Contracts for Efficient Humanitarian Aid Operations in NGO. Proceedings of the 2024 5th International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET), Belgaum, India."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazerath, P., Uppoor, P., Laxman, B.P., Nayak, S.M., and Jagadeesha, S.G. (2025, January 3\u20135). Blockchain in Disaster Management: A Systematic Review of Emerging Frameworks, Applications, and Future Directions. Proceedings of the 2025 4th International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA), Tirupur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIMIA67127.2025.11200906"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdullah, A., Satria, A., Mulyati, H., Arkeman, Y., and Indrawan, D. (2024). Blockchain-Enabled Supply Chain Finance: A Bibliometric Review and Research Agenda. Adm. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/admsci14110298"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, J., Li, H., and He, Z. (2023). The Effect of Blockchain Technology on Supply Chain Collaboration: A Case Study of Lenovo. Systems, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems11060299"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakshmi, B.S., and Rekha, K.S. (2023, January 10\u201311). Blockchain Technology and Supply Chain Management in a Charity Donation System: A Literature Review. Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Recent Trends in Electronics and Communication (ICRTEC), Mysore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRTEC56977.2023.10111908"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.30574\/ijsra.2024.11.1.0184","article-title":"Blockchain for social good: A review of applications in humanitarian aid and social initiatives","volume":"11","author":"Adediran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, M.M., Khan, F.S., Nadeem, M., Khan, T.H., Haider, S., and Daas, D. (2025). Scalability and Efficiency Analysis of Hyperledger Fabric and Private Ethereum in Smart Contract Execution. Computers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14040132"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jik.2023.100400","article-title":"An IoE blockchain-based network knowledge management model for resilient disaster frameworks","volume":"8","author":"Javadpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Innov. Knowl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raj, V.H., Sreevani, N., Thethi, H.P., Nainwal, A., Ziara, S., and Kumari, M.S. (2024, January 4\u20136). Blockchain and Machine Learning for Predictive Resource Distribution in Disaster Response Management. Proceedings of the 2024 1st International Conference on Sustainable Computing and Integrated Communication in Changing Landscape of AI (ICSCAI), Greater Noida, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCAI61790.2024.10867143"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonfanti, R.C., Oberti, B., Ravazzoli, E., Rinaldi, A., Ruggieri, S., and Schimmenti, A. (2024). The Role of Trust in Disaster Risk Reduction: A Critical Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21010029"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"54","article-title":"A blockchain technology for improving financial flows in humanitarian supply chains: Benefits and challenges","volume":"15","author":"Negi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Humanit. Logist. Supply Chain Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2025, January 12\u201314). Increasing the Efficiency of Disaster Relief Assistance based on Blockchain Technology with Blockchain Sharding. Proceedings of the 2025 7th International Conference on Intelligent Sustainable Systems (ICISS), Tirunelveli, India."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.22158\/ibes.v6n2p9","article-title":"Research on Application Solutions of Blockchain Technology in Multi-Party Collaborative Emergency Logistics System","volume":"6","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Bus. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lathkar, M., Deshmukh, P., Patil, A., and Shelke, P. (2024, January 28\u201329). Increasing Donation Transparency in Disaster Relief: A Blockchain-based Solution. Proceedings of the 2024 ASU International Conference in Emerging Technologies for Sustainability and Intelligent Systems (ICETSIS), Manama, Bahrain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETSIS61505.2024.10459402"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"45","article-title":"Blockchain Based Donation Management in Disaster Response","volume":"6","author":"Ankit","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Innov. Inf. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Susanto, B.H., Setiabudiarto, N., Teguh, W., and Jariyah, A. (2024, January 22\u201323). Blockchain Technology Model to Increase Transparency in the Distribution of Aid to Disaster Victims. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer and Information Technology (ICEECIT), Jember, Indonesia."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Preliminary research: Blockchain system design for post-disaster management in Indonesia","volume":"19","author":"Darmawan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133054","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3457609","article-title":"Blockchain-enabled safeguard mechanism in SCP-based relief supply chain designs in response to long-term disasters","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajagopal, M., Ramkumar, S., Thimmiaraja, J., Gobinath, R., and Kumar, K.S. (2025). Blockchain-based model for disaster relief supply chain management. The Role of Blockchain in Disaster Management, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-13472-2.00006-1"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"100502","article-title":"An IoMT platform for an integrated sustainable energy-efficient disaster relief supply chain to prevent severity-driven disruptions during pandemics","volume":"35","author":"Mosallanezhad","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandal, S., Kar, A.K., Gupta, S., and Sivarajah, U. (2023). Achieving food supply chain resilience during natural disasters through industry 5.0 enablers-empirical insights based on an FsQCA approach. Inf. Syst. Front., 1\u201324.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-023-10439-w"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolhatkar, D., Jain, O., Patil, S., Shelke, P., Mirajkar, R., and Wawage, P. (2023, January 26\u201328). Blockchain applications in disaster management systems. Proceedings of the 2023 4th International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET), Belgaum, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/INCET57972.2023.10170452"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"100934","article-title":"Blockchain-enabled smart contracts for secure and transparent timber traceability","volume":"48","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ind. Inf. Integr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2025.110631","article-title":"Secure and scalable trust management in IoT: A hierarchical blockchain-based approach","volume":"127","author":"Meybodian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-025-00782-y","article-title":"Cultivating trust: An empirical exploration of blockchain\u2019s adoption within the Italian wine supply chain","volume":"35","author":"Fani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Electron. Mark."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2023.3323356","article-title":"A Secure and Efficient Charitable Donation System Based on Ethereum Blockchain and Searchable Encryption","volume":"70","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2025.3561929","article-title":"Toward Reliable Disaster Data Sharing With Blockchain and Zero-Knowledge Proofs","volume":"58","author":"Karaarslan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7498","DOI":"10.1109\/OJCOMS.2024.3504403","article-title":"Eisdspa: An Efficient and Secure Blockchain-Based Donation Scheme With Privacy Protection and Auditability","volume":"5","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghani, A., Zinedine, A., and El Mohajir, M. (2025). Eghatha: A Blockchain-Based System to Enhance Disaster Preparedness. Computers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/computers14100405"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, C., Shen, Z., Bao, F., Wen, Z., Ran, X., Yu, C., and Xu, C. (2022). Blockchain Traceability System in Complex Application Scenarios: Image-Based Interactive Traceability Structure. Systems, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems10030078"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/2\/171\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T05:27:11Z","timestamp":1770960431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/2\/171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14020171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14020171","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]}}}