{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:00:06Z","timestamp":1772107206801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004826","name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8252003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8252003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42301210"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42301210"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72371006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72371006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of SZTU","award":["GDRC202542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GDRC202542"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates the joint scheduling problem of battery electric bus fleets and plug-in charging infrastructure in an urban transit system. The operation of an electric bus network is inherently a multi-component system, where vehicle assignment, battery energy management, and charger capacity decisions interact and jointly determine system performance and cost efficiency. To capture these interdependencies, we propose a system-level integrated scheduling framework that simultaneously determines bus trip assignments, charging event timing and duration, and charger utilization plans. The problem is formulated as a continuous-time mixed-integer linear programming model that minimizes the total system cost, subject to operational feasibility, battery state-of-charge dynamics, and charger capacity constraints. To enhance computational tractability, a Lagrangian relaxation-based decomposition approach is developed, coupled with a linear programming-based diving heuristic. Computational experiments on benchmark instances demonstrate that the proposed framework produces high-quality system-level schedules with substantially reduced solution time compared with directly using a commercial solver. A real-world case study based on a large charging station in Beijing shows that the optimized joint schedules reduce the required fleet size from 22 to 13 buses and the number of chargers from five to two, leading to a 38.3% reduction in total system cost. These results highlight the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed approach for the planning and operation of urban electric bus transit systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14030235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Joint Scheduling Framework for Electric Bus Fleets and Charging Infrastructure in Urban Transit Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zili","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Metropolitan Transportation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shixiong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban Transportation and Logistics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhongqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comprehensive Transport Research, Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Beijing 100028, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2023.3337968","article-title":"Cost-Optimal Charging Strategies for Electric Bus Fleets Considering Battery Degradation and Nonlinear Charging","volume":"25","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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