{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:32:48Z","timestamp":1772465568870,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the ongoing reform of higher education, the University Practice Education Community (UPEC) has become a crucial platform for advancing collaborative education and innovating talent cultivation models. However, research remains insufficient on the influencing factors of UPEC\u2019s sustainable development and, in particular, on how these factors interact with one another. From a complex systems perspective, this study conceptualizes UPEC as a dynamic and interconnected system in which multiple factors jointly shape sustainability outcomes. Accordingly, the overall objective is to (i) identify key influencing factors, (ii) model and quantify their interrelationships, and (iii) pinpoint critical factors and interaction pathways that structure UPEC sustainability. Adopting this holistic view, we integrate literature review, expert interviews, questionnaire surveys, and social network analysis (SNA) to systematically identify and analyze twenty influencing factors. SNA, as a systems-oriented analytical tool, enables the mapping of structural relationships and interaction pathways among factors, revealing how these interdependencies collectively form the governance ecosystem of UPEC. The results identify eight key factors\u2014including willingness for multi-stakeholder collaboration, stability of cooperation mechanisms, policy and institutional support, effectiveness of communication and coordination mechanisms, feedback and improvement mechanisms, enthusiasm of industry and enterprise participation, local government support, and influence of public opinion\u2014along with five critical paths linking subsystems through chain effects. Based on this diagnostic evidence, this study further outlines strategy implications to support practice-oriented improvement, while the primary contribution remains the identification of key factors and critical interaction structures underlying UPEC sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14030252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:06:56Z","timestamp":1772460416000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping Influencing Factors and Interactions in the Sustainable Development of the University Practice Education Community: A Social Network Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marxism, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"},{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management Science and Real State, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-12-2019-0353","article-title":"SDG 4 in higher education: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"21","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/2096531119868069","article-title":"New National Initiatives of Modernizing Education in China","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ECNU Rev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/07294360701805259","article-title":"Developing a community of practice around teaching: A case study","volume":"27","author":"Laksov","year":"2008","journal-title":"High. Educ. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scaman.2015.02.003","article-title":"Universities\u2013industry collaboration: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Ankrah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"49","article-title":"A framework to improve university\u2013industry collaboration","volume":"2","author":"Awasthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind.-Univ. Collab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1007\/s11301-023-00349-1","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators of university-industry collaboration for research, development and innovation: A systematic review","volume":"74","author":"Rossoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Rev. Q."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"275","article-title":"University\u2013industry collaboration: A literature review and synthesis","volume":"33","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2021.121084","article-title":"What drives university-industry collaboration? Research excellence or firm collaboration strategy?","volume":"173","author":"Fitjar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1108\/14676370810885916","article-title":"Higher education as a change agent for sustainability in different cultures and contexts","volume":"9","author":"Stephens","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.5539\/ies.v18n1p102","article-title":"Development strategies for sustainable teacher leadership in Chinese higher education","volume":"18","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Educ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"UNESCO (2023). Education for Sustainable Development: A Roadmap, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Available online: https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000374802."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-03-2024-0189","article-title":"Gender influence on business students\u2019 expectations for sustainability transformations in higher education","volume":"27","author":"Grunwald","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, R., Zhao, H., Yun, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, W., Wang, L., Hou, W., and Wang, F. (2024). Research on health information avoidance behavior and influencing factors of cancer patients\u2014An empirical analysis based on structural equation modeling. BMC Public Health, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-21113-4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010935","DOI":"10.24857\/rgsa.v19n1-118","article-title":"Socioformation and empathy for life: Training proposal towards Sustainable Development Goals","volume":"19","year":"2025","journal-title":"RGSA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mercieca, B. (2016). What is a community of practice?. Communities of Practice: Facilitating Social Learning in Higher Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-2879-3_1"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-07-2021-0306","article-title":"Education for sustainable development in higher education institutions: An approach for effective interdisciplinarity","volume":"24","author":"Mokski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-09-2021-0361","article-title":"A study of the Web visibility of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda on university websites","volume":"23","author":"Vallez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Jie, Y., Zou, Y., Liu, X., Ma, W., and Deng, Y. (2025). Becoming a researcher: Chinese PhD students\u2019 research career intentions. Behav. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15020123"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B.R., and Kang, C. (2025). Research on the contribution of higher education to the sustainable development of the economy in China. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17031024"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.4236\/ce.2017.89097","article-title":"Systems structure of education for sustainable development in higher education institution","volume":"8","author":"Mahmud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Creat. Educ."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"328","article-title":"Actor-Network in Disaster Education: Mainstreaming the Role of Higher Education in Climate Resilience for Sustainable Development in Northern Thai School","volume":"14","author":"Inpin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soc. Stud. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.11114\/smc.v13i1.7380","article-title":"The role of technological media, knowledge sharing, and organizational culture in promoting sustainable development in the workplace","volume":"13","author":"Kamaroellah","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stud. Media Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.9734\/ajarr\/2025\/v19i2890","article-title":"Factors influencing social networks usage among university students: A case of Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania","volume":"19","author":"Andrea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asian J. Adv. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87049-w","article-title":"Health literacy and influencing factors in university students across educational fields in Kazakhstan","volume":"15","author":"Dauletkaliyeva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sehar, A., Orangzab, O., Akbar, M., Poulov\u00e1, P., Vasudevan, A., and Huang, T. (2025). Understanding the drivers of a pro-environmental attitude in higher education institutions. Front. Environ. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1458698"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-03-2024-0213","article-title":"Sustainable development education\u2019s pathways and influencing factors","volume":"27","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, B., Li, P., Wang, Y., Luo, F., and Wu, L. (2024). A fuzzy-Bayesian network approach based assessment of CoP system in forging higher education social responsibility. Systems, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems12120540"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Alias, B.S., and Hamid, A.H.A. (2025). Exploring teacher organizational commitment for promoting sustainable development in higher education. J. Ecohumanism, 4."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"136","article-title":"Psychological resilience, stress, coping styles, mindfulness and social support in student athletes: An explanatory sequential mixed research design","volume":"56","author":"Kara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"110","article-title":"The use of social network analysis in educational sciences studies","volume":"5","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Educ. Technol. Online Learn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000005620","article-title":"Social network analysis in undergraduate and postgraduate medical education","volume":"99","author":"Steinert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-09-2021-0401","article-title":"Sustainability in education through collaborative learning using social media: An exploratory study with moderating role of \u201cknowledge creator\u201d and \u201cknowledge seeker\u201d","volume":"26","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"48","article-title":"A social network analysis of academic collaboration in translation studies","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., and Cao, A. (2025). The Psychological Mechanisms of Education for Sustainable Development: Environmental Attitudes, Self-Efficacy, and Social Norms as Mediators of Pro-Environmental Behavior Among University Students. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17030933"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"74","article-title":"Social network analysis in virtual educational environments","volume":"9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Awari"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1080\/02680939.2015.1119315","article-title":"Uncovering influence through Social Network Analysis: The role of schools in Education for Sustainable Development","volume":"31","author":"Kolleck","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Educ. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1002\/sd.1964","article-title":"Mapping sustainable development goals: A network analysis framework","volume":"28","author":"Dalampira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"109","article-title":"Social network analysis as a driver of continuous improvement","volume":"8","author":"Courtney","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sch. Adm. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2478\/sbe-2023-0028","article-title":"The Application of Social Network Analysis to Economic and Regional Development: Tertiary Educational Attainment by Sex and NUTS 2 Regions","volume":"18","author":"Filenta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud. Bus. Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21582440231220097","DOI":"10.1177\/21582440231220097","article-title":"Green Tweets or Not? The Sustainable Commitment of Higher Education Institutions","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saqr, M., and Alamro, A. (2019). The role of social network analysis as a learning analytics tool in online problem-based learning. BMC Med. Educ., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-019-1599-6"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-03-2023-0081","article-title":"Unmasking mobility patterns: International travel behavior and emissions of scientists in a higher research institution","volume":"24","author":"Kirchengast","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S., Xiang, P., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., and Qian, Y. (2025). Emphasizing cross-regional matters: Interpreting the critical risks of cross-regional mega infrastructure projects from an interactional perspective. Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag.","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-11-2024-1516"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3073","DOI":"10.1108\/ECAM-05-2021-0461","article-title":"Identifying the risk factors and their interactions of human\u2013robot collaboration implementation during engineering project construction: Evidence from China","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Constr. Archit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, G., and Zeng, H. (2025). Assessing Critical Risk Factors to Sustainable Housing in Urban Areas: Based on the NK-SNA Model. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17156918"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-04517-4","article-title":"Identifying key influencing factors of cross-regional railway infrastructure interconnection: A fuzzy integrated MCDM framework","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Humanit. Soc. Sci. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, L., Chen, D., Li, S., Wang, G., Li, Y., Li, B., and Chen, M. (2024). Coupled analysis of risk factor for tailing pond dam failure accident based on N\u2013K model and SNA. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16198686"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mur011","article-title":"An integrative framework for collaborative governance","volume":"22","author":"Emerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Public Adm. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/jopart\/mux030","article-title":"Collaborative platforms as a governance strategy","volume":"28","author":"Ansell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Public Adm. Res. Theory"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, C.K., Haufiku, M.S., Tan, K.L., Farid Ahmed, M., and Ng, T.F. (2022). Systematic Review of Education Sustainable Development in Higher Education Institutions. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142013241"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12432","article-title":"Designing and implementing cross-sector collaborations: Needed and challenging","volume":"75","author":"Bryson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Adm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tijssen, R. (2025). Research Cooperation Between Universities and Local Firms: Comparing University Ecosystems in China and the USA. J. Knowl. Econ.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13132-025-02588-x"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007895322042","article-title":"The Sustainability of University-Industry Research Collaboration: An Empirical Assessment","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Technol. Transf."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozeman, B., and Boardman, C. (2014). Research Collaboration and Team Science: A State-of-the-Art Review and Agenda, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-06468-0"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2017.11.001","article-title":"Outward FDI, location choices and innovation performance of emerging market enterprises","volume":"47","author":"Piperopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"6","article-title":"Shared leadership in higher education: Important lessons from research and practice","volume":"15","author":"Kezar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leadersh. Exch."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2012.09.007","article-title":"Academic engagement and commercialisation: A review of the literature on university\u2013industry relations","volume":"42","author":"Perkmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dtz038","article-title":"Universities and innovation ecosystems: A dynamic capabilities perspective","volume":"28","author":"Heaton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Corp. Change"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2007.05.002","article-title":"University\u2013industry linkages in the UK: What are the factors underlying the variety of interactions with industry?","volume":"36","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2004.08.003","article-title":"Technological outsourcing and product diversification: Do markets for technology affect firms\u2019 strategies?","volume":"33","author":"Cesaroni","year":"2004","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1108\/IJSHE-03-2020-0086","article-title":"Community needs and interests in university\u2013community partnerships for sustainable development","volume":"22","author":"Groulx","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. High. Educ"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1080\/14778238.2018.1552485","article-title":"Knowledge transfer and innovation through university-industry partnership: An integrated theoretical view","volume":"17","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Knowl. Manag. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Meara, K., and Jaeger, A.J. (2023). Preparing future faculty for community engagement: Barriers, facilitators, models, and recommendations. Building the Field of Higher Education Engagement, Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003443353-8"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, R., and You, Z. (2022). Education Partnership Assistance to Promote the Balanced and Sustainable Development of Higher Education: Lessons from China. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14148366"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econmod.2019.05.004","article-title":"Does University-Industry collaboration improve innovation efficiency? Evidence from Chinese Firms","volume":"86","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economic Modelling"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"185","article-title":"Conceptualising Public-Private Partnerships For Social Innovation Through Community Engagement in Higher Education Institutions","volume":"37","author":"Sibhensana","year":"2023","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. High. Educ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1108\/IJCED-08-2023-0075","article-title":"Universities as cities of flows: Decoding cross-regional university partnerships for sustainable development in China","volume":"26","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Comp. Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2021.102286","article-title":"University entrepreneurial ecosystems and spinoff companies: Configurations, developments and outcomes","volume":"107","author":"Prokop","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1108\/JSTPM-02-2015-0008","article-title":"Government-driven university-industry linkages in an emerging country: The case of China","volume":"6","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Technol. Policy Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/10611932.2016.1218249","article-title":"Empirical Study of the Role of Government Support and Success Factors in Industry-University-Institute Cooperation","volume":"49","author":"Zhimin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Educ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1552-3","article-title":"Collaboration strategies and effects on university research: Evidence from Chinese universities","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/3\/252\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:37:03Z","timestamp":1772462223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/3\/252"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14030252"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14030252","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}