{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T06:27:23Z","timestamp":1772778443182,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Major project of National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["22&ZD068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22&ZD068"]}]},{"name":"the Major project of National Social Science Foundation of China","award":["23VRC040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23VRC040"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","award":["DUT25RW305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DUT25RW305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intelligent upgrading of photovoltaic (PV) power stations can improve their power-generating capacity, reduce operation and maintenance (O&amp;M) costs, and effectively conserve energy and reduce emissions. However, the pressure of research and development (R&amp;D) investment, as well as market demand uncertainty faced by PV technical suppliers, has become an obstacle to intelligent upgrading. From the perspective of R&amp;D cost sharing between PV project operators and technical equipment suppliers in the PV supply chain, this study presents game models for suppliers and operators under the modes of R&amp;D cost sharing and non-sharing, and compares the benefits to both parties under the cost-sharing contract. The results show that under the cost-sharing mode, the operators share a certain proportion of R&amp;D costs with the suppliers, which can improve the effort level of R&amp;D. The greater the impact of the power generation increased by intelligent products on market demand, the better the operator\u2019s maintenance efforts, and the more motivated the operator is to choose the cost-sharing strategy. By setting a reasonable wholesale price for products, both parties can balance their profits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14030277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:01:07Z","timestamp":1772636467000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["R&amp;D Cost Sharing of Intelligent Upgrading of Photovoltaic Power Stations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6988-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8584-8899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China"},{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czep\u0142o, F., and Borowski, P.F. 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