{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:09:23Z","timestamp":1778317763696,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Humanities and Social Science Foundation of the Ministry of Education in China","award":["25YJCZH339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25YJCZH339"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72471200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72471200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2025NSFSC2000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025NSFSC2000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2682025GH023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682025GH023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the impact mechanism of different platoon control strategies on mixed traffic flow, this paper evaluates the overall performance of different heterogeneous platoon control strategies in smoothing small traffic disturbances and improving traffic safety. First, this paper derives the stability conditions for homogeneous and mixed traffic flow based on transfer function theory. Second, by simulating small disturbance experiments, the trend of speed under different traffic densities and the penetration rate of CAVs are analyzed. The characteristics of speed change coefficients under different platoon control strategies are comparatively analyzed based on the results in part 1. Finally, numerical simulation experiments were designed to analyze the safety performance of traffic flow under each strategy. The results show that (1) the combination of a variable time gap strategy with vehicle speed has the strongest ability to suppress disturbances. Among the combination spacing strategies, the combination of the variable time gap strategy with vehicle speed and the constant time gap strategy performs best in smoothing small disturbances. (2) At low penetration rates, incorporating CAVs may increase the instability of the traffic flow, while at high rates, CAVs effectively enhance the stability. These findings provide important guidance for selecting platoon control strategies in mixed traffic flow environments from the perspective of stability and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14030304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:06:22Z","timestamp":1773414382000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of the Impact of Heterogeneous Platoon for Mixed Traffic Flow: Stability and Safety"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3949-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4137-0721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangsheng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6946-2367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihong","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2016.07.005","article-title":"Study on Road Section Environmental Traffic Capacity Model and Algorithm under Double Constraints","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.07.007","article-title":"Influence of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Traffic Flow Stability and Throughput","volume":"71","author":"Talebpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2024.06.041","article-title":"Mixed Traffic Capacity Estimation of Autonomous Vehicles Impact Based on Empirical Data","volume":"135","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102825","article-title":"Modeling and Managing Mixed Traffic with Human-Driven and Automated Vehicles","volume":"121","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102614","article-title":"Modeling the Fundamental Diagram of Mixed Human-Driven and Connected Automated Vehicles","volume":"115","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104660","article-title":"Enhancing Vehicular Platoon Stability in the Presence of Communication Cyberattacks: A Reliable Longitudinal Cooperative Control Strategy","volume":"163","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.09.001","article-title":"Energy Saving Potentials of Connected and Automated Vehicles","volume":"95","author":"Vahidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.09.003","article-title":"Energy and Emissions Implications of Automated Vehicles in the U.S. Energy System","volume":"77","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.12.613","article-title":"Could Automated Vehicles Reduce Transport Energy?","volume":"142","author":"Moriarty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.04.002","article-title":"Assessment of the Safety Benefits of Vehicles\u2019 Advanced Driver Assistance, Connectivity and Low Level Automation Systems","volume":"117","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Singh, S. (2015). Critical Reasons for Crashes Investigated in the National Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Survey. Traffic Safety Fact\u2014Crash Stats, National Center for Statistics and Analysis. DOT HS 812 115."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2019.01.029","article-title":"Safety Benefits of Arterials\u2019 Crash Risk under Connected and Automated Vehicles","volume":"100","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2022.127606","article-title":"A Bidirectional Car-Following Model Considering Distance Balance between Adjacent Vehicles","volume":"603","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2023.123507","article-title":"Communication Resource-Efficient Vehicle Platooning Control with Various Spacing Policies","volume":"11","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2802497","article-title":"Constant Spacing Strategies for Platooning in Automated Highway Systems","volume":"121","author":"Swaroop","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dyn. Syst. Meas. Control"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2004.835586","article-title":"Disturbance Propagation in Vehicle Strings","volume":"49","author":"Seiler","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745989","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3745989","article-title":"Effect of Adaptive Cruise Control on Mixed Traffic Flow: A Comparison of Constant Time Gap Policy with Variable Time Gap Policy","volume":"2021","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198120918572","article-title":"Safety, Energy, and Emissions Impacts of Adaptive Cruise Control and Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control","volume":"2674","author":"Mahdinia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2017.2749607","article-title":"An Adaptive Spacing Policy Guaranteeing String Stability in Multi-Brand Ad Hoc Platoons","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayar, B., Sajadi-Alamdari, S.A., Viti, F., and Voos, H. (2016). Impact of Different Spacing Policies for Adaptive Cruise Control on Traffic and Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2016 24th Mediterranean Conference on Control and Automation (MED), Athens, Greece, 21\u201324 June 2016, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/MED.2016.7535939"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, J., Oya, M., and El Kamel, A. (2009). A Safety Spacing Policy and Its Impact on Highway Traffic Flow. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, Xi\u2019an, China, 3\u20135 June 2009, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.2009.5164410"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"4810","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Different Spacing Policies for Longitudinal Control in Vehicle Platooning","volume":"239","author":"Hung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2025.126802","article-title":"Analysis of the Impact of Heterogeneous Platoon for Mixed Traffic Flow: Control Strategy, Fuel Consumption and Emissions","volume":"272","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2025.130398","article-title":"Analysis of the Impact of Heterogeneous Platoon for Mixed Traffic Flow: A Fundamental Diagram Method","volume":"660","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"136","article-title":"Research on Simulation of Traffic Congestion Based on Cascade Failure","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"98","article-title":"Short-Term Prediction of the Congestion Index Based on the Number of Vehicles on the Road Network","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"37","article-title":"Longitudinal Control of Intelligent Fleet Considering Communication Delay","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"25","article-title":"Control Strategy for Connected and Automated Vehicle Platoon Considering Information Synchronization under Time-Varying Delays of Multiple Sources","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng. Inf."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Stability Issues for Vehicle Platooning in Automated Highway Systems","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Brogliato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications (Cat. No.99CH36328), Kohala Coast, HI, USA, 22\u201327 August 1999"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw, E., and Hedrick, J.K. (2007). String Stability Analysis for Heterogeneous Vehicle Strings. Proceedings of the 2007 American Control Conference, New York, NY, USA, 11\u201313 July 2007, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ACC.2007.4282789"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2013.09.034","article-title":"Leader Tracking in Homogeneous Vehicle Platoons with Broadcast Delays","volume":"50","author":"Peters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2010.2042318","article-title":"String Instability in Classes of Linear Time Invariant Formation Control with Limited Communication Range","volume":"55","author":"Middleton","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"127775","article-title":"String Stablity in Traffic Flows","volume":"443","author":"Corli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16328","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2024.3423474","article-title":"A Spatiotemporal Spacing Policy and String Stability for Heterogeneous Vehicle Platooning","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2003.821341","article-title":"On Spacing Policies for Highway Vehicle Automation","volume":"4","author":"Santhanakrishnan","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.04.245","article-title":"Evaluating the Impact of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles on Traffic Safety","volume":"526","author":"Ye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(00)00019-1","article-title":"Extended Time-to-Collision Measures for Road Traffic Safety Assessment","volume":"33","author":"Minderhoud","year":"2001","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.09.016","article-title":"Influence of Cyber-Attacks on Longitudinal Safety of Connected and Automated Vehicles","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2022.3216618","article-title":"Development of Connected and Automated Vehicle Platoons with Combined Spacing Policy","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6916","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2020.2990279","article-title":"Adaptive Fault-tolerant Control of Platoons with Guaranteed Traffic Flow Stability","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2018.04.011","article-title":"Control of Connected and Automated Vehicles: State of the Art and Future Challenges","volume":"45","author":"Guanetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.09.012","article-title":"Stability and Safety Evaluation of Mixed Traffic Flow with Connected Automated Vehicles on Expressways","volume":"75","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2278494","article-title":"Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control in Real Traffic Situations","volume":"15","author":"Shladover","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s42154-019-00064-2","article-title":"Integrated Spacing Policy Considering Micro- and Macroscopic Characteristics","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Automot. Innov."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"ElBaklish, S., Kouvelas, A., and Makridis, M. (2024). A Variable Time Gap Feedback Policy for String Stable Adaptive Cruise Control. Proceedings of the 24th Swiss Transport Research Conference (STRC 2024), Monte Verit\u00e0, Switzerland, 15\u201317 May 2024, STRC."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcontrol.2019.03.001","article-title":"String Stability for Vehicular Platoon Control: Definitions and Analysis Methods","volume":"47","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Control"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104768","article-title":"Developing Platooning Systems of Connected and Automated Vehicles with Guaranteed Stability and Robustness against Degradation Due to Communication Disruption","volume":"168","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2024.104913","article-title":"Stability Analysis and Controller Design of the Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Platoon Considering a Rate-Free Time-Varying Communication Delay and Uncertainties","volume":"170","author":"Ruan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2022.09.003","article-title":"Trade-off between Safety, Mobility and Stability in Automated Vehicle Following Control: An Analytical Method","volume":"166","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2011.2143407","article-title":"Practical String Stability of Platoon of Adaptive Cruise Control Vehicles","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4376","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2017.2682421","article-title":"String Stability and a Delay-Based Spacing Policy for Vehicle Platoons Subject to Disturbances","volume":"62","author":"Besselink","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.105367","article-title":"Optimal Jam-Absorption Driving Strategy for Mitigating Rear-End Collision Risks with Oscillations on Freeway Straight Segments","volume":"135","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2020.3043194","article-title":"Development of a Robust Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control with Dynamic Topology","volume":"23","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, J., Wang, J., Gao, Z., and Luo, D. (2021). Performance Comparison of Adaptive Cruise Control in Mixed Traffic Flow Considering Different Time Headway Policies. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Transportation Information and Safety (ICTIS), Wuhan, China, 22\u201324 October 2021, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTIS54573.2021.9798509"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Archer, J., and Kosonen, I. (2000). The Potential of Micro-Simulation Modelling in Relation to Traffic Safety Assessment. Proceedings of the ESS Conference, Hamburg, Germany, 28\u201330 September 2000, Citeseer."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Hayward, J.C. (1972). Near-Miss Determination Through Use of a Scale of Danger, Highway Research Record."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"105074","article-title":"Driving Towards Stability and Efficiency: A Variable Time Gap Strategy for Adaptive Cruise Control","volume":"174","author":"Kouvelas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"788","article-title":"Stability of CACC-Manual Heterogeneous Vehicular Flow with Partial CACC Performance Degrading","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. B Transp. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2023.107424","article-title":"Network-Wide Safety Impacts of Dedicated Lanes for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles","volume":"195","author":"Sha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treiber, M., and Kesting, A. (2013). Traffic Flow Dynamics: Data, Models and Simulation, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-32460-4"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"1335","article-title":"A General Variable Time Headway Policy in Platoon Control","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"381","article-title":"Car-Following Model of Intelligent and Connected Vehicle Considering Variable Headway","volume":"43","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Jiangsu Univ."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Qin, Y. (2019). Study on Analytical Method of Heterogeneous Traffic Flow Characteristics under Connected and Autonomous Environment. [Ph.D. Thesis, Southeast University]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102934","article-title":"Assessing Traffic Disturbance, Efficiency, and Safety of the Mixed Traffic Flow of Connected Vehicles and Traditional Vehicles by Considering Human Factors","volume":"124","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/3\/304\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T05:12:07Z","timestamp":1773637927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/3\/304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14030304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14030304","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}}}