{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T05:56:22Z","timestamp":1774936582342,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-motorized mobility networks increasingly serve as critical infrastructure for sustainable regional development that integrates recreational, environmental, and transportation functions across diverse geographical contexts. To enhance the spatial planning efficiency and support evidence-based policy development, this study develops a Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based analytical framework to evaluate the connectivity and accessibility of Korea\u2019s integrated non-motorized mobility system. The model systematically maps 606 walking courses, 60 cycling routes, and 66 water activity sites nationwide, and examines their spatial relationships with major transportation hubs, including Korea Train e-Xpress (KTX) stations and airports within 20\u201330 km buffer zones. Using proximity analysis, connectivity mapping, and origin\u2013destination (OD) cost matrix modeling, the framework identifies intermodal distance structures and spatial integration patterns. The analysis reveals a hybrid network configuration characterized by localized multimodal clustering alongside regional accessibility gaps, with urban\u2013coastal regions demonstrating stronger connectivity than inland\u2013rural areas. This study proposes a data-driven Korean mobility network framework that integrates walking, cycling, and water routes with the existing transportation infrastructure. These findings demonstrate how GIS-based tools can support evidence-based sustainable mobility policies and regional tourism planning on a national scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14040359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T15:45:42Z","timestamp":1774626342000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Connectivity Analysis of Korea\u2019s Non-Motorized Mobility Network: A GIS-Based Framework for Sustainable Tourism Planning Integrating Walking, Cycling, and Water Routes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7460-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6473-9711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ha Cheong","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Halla University, 28, Halladae-gil, Heungeop-myeon, Wonju-si 26306, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1159-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yewon","family":"Syn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5650-7204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deul","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chul","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tourism, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UN Tourism (2026, February 09). 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