{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:42:08Z","timestamp":1781534528959,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/V042521\/1; EP\/V042017\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V042521\/1; EP\/V042017\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["EP\/V042521\/1; EP\/V042017\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V042521\/1; EP\/V042017\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0439y7842","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blockchain adoption across industries has led to the emergence of multiple independent blockchain platforms, creating challenges for cross-chain data exchange and system interoperability. This paper addresses this challenge by examining interoperability frameworks that enable communication between heterogeneous blockchain networks. We adopt a platform-oriented analysis to study widely used blockchain ecosystems, focusing on the mechanisms they employ for cross-chain communication and asset transfer. To demonstrate practical applicability, we present a conceptual supply chain scenario that illustrates how interoperable architectures enable interactions among multiple blockchain entities. Finally, we identify key open research challenges, including data management, cross-chain query processing, privacy, governance, scalability, and protocol standardisation. The findings highlight both the capabilities and limitations of existing interoperability solutions and outline directions for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14040388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:14:43Z","timestamp":1775142883000},"page":"388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring Blockchain Interoperability: Frameworks, Use Cases, and Future Challenges"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1647-2251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanly","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur 441108, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2418-9314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwabena","family":"Adu-Duodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8346-7962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellis","family":"Solaiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3597-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omer","family":"Rana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajiv","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125244","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007251","article-title":"Scaling Blockchains: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"8","author":"Hafid","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Nielson, B. 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