{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:01:15Z","timestamp":1777046475344,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Green supply chain management (GSCM) has become essential for organizations seeking to balance environmental sustainability, regulatory compliance, and economic resilience. However, selecting appropriate green supply chain strategies constitutes a complex multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) problem due to diverse sustainability practices, conflicting objectives, dynamic market conditions, and significant uncertainty in expert evaluations. To address these challenges, this study proposes an intelligent multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) framework to assess 15 GSCM strategies across 15 environmental, operational, economic, and regulatory criteria. The framework employs complex fractional orthopair fuzzy sets CFOFS to model uncertainty, expert hesitation, and complex-valued judgments. Expert weights are determined using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), while criteria weights are derived objectively through the entropy method. A modified technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) is applied to obtain a robust ranking of alternatives. Evaluations from five multidisciplinary experts ensure practical relevance and validity. The results indicate enhanced uncertainty modeling, improved ranking stability, and greater interpretability compared with conventional fuzzy and deterministic approaches. The proposed framework provides a transparent and effective decision support tool for strategic GSCM planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14040418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T13:09:31Z","timestamp":1775740171000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Novel Integrated Group Decision-Making Framework for Assessing Green Supply Chain Strategies Under Complex Uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7618-8860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shah Zeb","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Swat, Swat 19120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5303-9130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasir","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3742-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wael Mahmoud Mohammad","family":"Salameh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5308-2503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darjan","family":"Karabasevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Global Business, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Management, Economics and Finance in Belgrade, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Jevrejska 24, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6846-3074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragisa","family":"Stanujkic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"University College, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Technical Faculty in Bor, University of Belgrade, Vojske Jugoslavije 12, 19210 Bor, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39392","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2025.3548037","article-title":"Sustainable secure blockchain assisted AIoT and green multi-constraints supply chain system","volume":"12","author":"Lakhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.132","article-title":"Green supply chain management in construction: A systematic literature review and future research agenda","volume":"223","author":"Badi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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