{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:29:29Z","timestamp":1781533769359,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025QC774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC774"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2025QC746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ZR2025QC774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC774"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["ZR2025QC746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2025QC746"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["72501160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72501160"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["72501160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72501160"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong Natural Science Foundation Innovation and Development Joint Fund","award":["ZR2024LZN008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2024LZN008"]}]},{"name":"Jinan City\u2019 s Self-Developed Innovative Team Project for Higher Educational Institutions","award":["20233040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20233040"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Against the backdrop of low-carbon transportation and urban logistics transformation, metro-based freight is regarded as an important pathway for emission reduction. This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving the government, logistics enterprises, and metro operators, and analyzes multi-agent strategy evolution and the influence of key parameters using replicator dynamics equations and numerical simulation. The results show that well-designed subsidies and penalties can effectively promote a stable state characterized by \u201cactive government intervention, active response from logistics enterprises, and low-carbon integrated passenger and freight transportation by metro operators\u201d. Reducing the cost of transformation can improve evolutionary efficiency, while excessively high subsidies may weaken the government\u2019s willingness to intervene. This study provides insights for optimizing low-carbon transportation policies and supporting the development of metro-based freight systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14040437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T14:05:36Z","timestamp":1776348336000},"page":"437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tripartite Evolutionary Game and Simulation Analysis of Stakeholder Strategy Implementation in Metro-Based Freight Systems Considering Low-Carbon Benefits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7598-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuyue","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7117-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingxiang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSTI Group, Nanjing 210017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Design, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2025.116204","article-title":"Decarbonization Pathways in the Transport Sector: A Review of Integrated Assessment Models and Future Directions for Model Improvement","volume":"225","author":"Sang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Renew. 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