{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T06:40:48Z","timestamp":1777358448292,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Evidence from recent large-scale disruptions indicates that efficiency-centered supply chain designs struggle to sustain operation under persistent and systemic uncertainty. This study introduces the Response and Adaptive Immune-Inspired Supply Chain Immune System (RAIE\u2013SCIS), a continuous-time dynamic framework that extends existing viability and resilience approaches by explicitly modeling inter-temporal adaptation and operational memory within a control-theoretic structure. The framework represents supply chains as multi-layer control systems where structural protection, adaptive regulation, and memory mechanisms jointly shape system response over time. Viability is assessed using time-dependent indicators, including performance trajectories, recovery time, and an adaptation-based viability index. The model is applied to a carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) supply chain under heterogeneous disruption scenarios. Results show that immune-enabled configurations increase minimum performance levels by 15\u201330% and reduce recovery times by up to 25% compared to non-adaptive configurations. These improvements are not uniform across scenarios and depend on disturbance structure and recurrence. The analysis reveals that adaptive regulation introduces a trade-off between recovery speed and variability, while memory mechanisms shape recovery dynamics under recurrent disruptions\u2014effects not captured by static or purely reactive models. Their effects become more pronounced when disturbances accumulate or propagate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14040444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T09:37:42Z","timestamp":1776677862000},"page":"444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Immune-Inspired Dynamic Regulation Framework for Supply Chain Viability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9384-053X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Polo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria Agraria de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 110110, Colombia"},{"name":"School of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7731-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Morillo-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-9553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Willmer","family":"Escobar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial Engineering, Universidad del Valle, Cali 760001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonzio, G., Foscolo, P.U., and Zondervan, E. 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