{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:44:00Z","timestamp":1781534640037,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Social Science Planning Fund of Liaoning Province","award":["L23CGL003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L23CGL003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004314","name":"Shenyang Aerospace University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23YB12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YB12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004314","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["23YB12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23YB12"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02423gm04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates how supply chain co-innovation affects the high-quality development of SRDI enterprises, operationalized as total factor productivity (TFP) measured by the LP method. The mechanism remains unclear. Drawing on learning-by-doing theory, together with the resource-based view and stakeholder theory, we propose a sequential pathway: through repeated interactions and knowledge accumulation in collaborative innovation, SRDI enterprises improve their ESG performance, which in turn enhances TFP. Using a sample of listed \u201clittle giant\u201d SRDI enterprises from 2018 to 2023, we find that supply chain co-innovation is significantly positively associated with TFP (coefficient 0.003), and the pattern is consistent with ESG performance playing a partial mediating role. Meanwhile, mechanistic analysis also reveals that this correlation is more pronounced in high-profitability enterprises and manufacturing enterprises. This research provides theoretical guidance for SRDI enterprises in choosing innovation models and managing supply chains, offering practical insights for improving total factor productivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14050486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T10:47:28Z","timestamp":1777546048000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Supply Chain Co-Innovation on the Total Factor Productivity of SRDI Enterprises: The Mediating Mechanism of Corporate ESG Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2008.31767280","article-title":"Horizontal and vertical relationships in developing economies: Implications for SMEs\u2019 access to global markets","volume":"51","author":"Mesquita","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2022.104532","article-title":"From mainstream to niche: How value regimes shift in emerging economy upgrading","volume":"51","author":"Manning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2025.124260","article-title":"How does digital intelligence drive the SRDI development of SMEs? Evidence from Chinese-style niche enterprises","volume":"219","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Change"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2026.102416","article-title":"Does Artificial Intelligence Promote Disruptive Innovation in SRDI Enterprises? Evidence Based on LLMs Text Analysis","volume":"104","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Socio-Econ. Plan. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5636","DOI":"10.1002\/mde.4355","article-title":"Can product specialization improve the internationalization level of enterprises? Empirical evidence from \u201cSRDI\u201d enterprise","volume":"45","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Manag. Decis. Econ."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"180","article-title":"How do SMEs supplement and strengthen the industrial chain through the \u201cspecial-ized and sophisticated\u201d development: A longitudinal case study based on CAXA","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Ind. Econ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.2135","article-title":"The Role of External Knowledge Sources and Organizational Design in The Process of Opportunity Exploitation","volume":"34","author":"Foss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Strateg. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-08-2013-0426","article-title":"Geographic Clustering, Network Relationships and Competitive Advantage","volume":"52","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1111\/1911-3846.12471","article-title":"Linguistic Information Quality in Customers\u2019 Forward-Looking Disclosures and Suppliers\u2019 Investment Decisions","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Contemp. Account. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.economics.050708.143257","article-title":"Organizations and Trade","volume":"1","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., and Li, Y. (2011, January 19\u201321). Study on evolutionary game between core-enterprise and suppliers in green supply chain. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer and Management (CAMAN), Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAMAN.2011.5778889"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00159-2","article-title":"Co-operative R&D: Why and with Whom? An Integrated Framework of Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Miotti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Feng, H., Wang, L., and Yang, L. (2024). How to achieve high-quality development of SRDI enterprises-A study of the TOE framework-based configuration. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0304688"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Z.Y., Hu, D., and Lou, X.M. (2024). The Impact of Digital Transformation on the Sustainable Growth of Specialized, Refined, Differentiated, and Innovative Enterprises: Based on the Perspective of Dynamic Capability Theory. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su16177823"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2025.108350","article-title":"Tax incentives, financial subsidies and high-quality development of enterprises","volume":"86","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2025.103920","article-title":"Green supply chains and high-quality development of enterprises under tax reduction and fee decrease","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2025.104074","article-title":"The impact of digital financial inclusion on the high-quality development of small-and medium-sized enterprises--Evidence from China","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2024.103537","article-title":"Research on the impact of environmental regulation on enterprise high-quality development","volume":"96","author":"Ru","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iref.2024.103836","article-title":"Does improving stock market information efficiency promote firms\u2019 high-quality development?","volume":"97","author":"Geng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Econ. Financ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben, S.A., Iyiola, K., and Alzubi, A. (2025). Do Supply Chain Management, ESG Sustainability Practices, and ICT Have an Impact on Environmental Sustainability?. Systems, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13090725"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, G., Xiao, X., Li, Z., and Dai, Q. (2022). Does ESG Performance Promote High-Quality Development of Enterprises in China? The Mediating Role of Innovation Input. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14073843"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Li, Y., and Kim, H. (2025). ESG Practices and Green Innovation: The Mediating Role of Organizational Pride and the Moderating Effect of Innovation Climate. Systems, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13110986"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Barney, J.B. (2002). Gaining and Sustaining Competitive Advantage, Prentice Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2307\/259247","article-title":"Toward A Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts","volume":"22","author":"Mitchell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/09537287.2020.1796136","article-title":"SMEs strategy and scale constraints impact on agri-food supply chain collaboration and firm performance","volume":"32","author":"Zaridis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prod. Plan. Control"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"100","article-title":"Executive Experience in Supply Chain Management and Corporate Innovation","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"South. Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Signori, S., San-Jose, L., Retolaza, J.L., and Rusconi, G. (2021). Stakeholder value creation: Comparing ESG and value added in European companies. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13031392"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/eufm.12299","article-title":"Corporate stakeholders, corporate valuation and ESG","volume":"27","author":"Cornell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Financ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/13662716.2025.2522882","article-title":"The dark side of earnings pressure: The case of firms\u2019 collaborative innovation","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Innov."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/2295952","article-title":"The economic implications of learning by doing","volume":"29","author":"Arrow","year":"1962","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1108\/MD-04-2020-0484","article-title":"A novel approach to assess sustainability of supply chains","volume":"60","author":"Kalantary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Manag. Decis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1080\/13675567.2023.2226058","article-title":"The effect of supply chain learning on corporate sustainability performance: The perspective of ambidextrous innovation capability","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Logist. Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holling, H., and Backhaus, L. (2023). A meta-analysis of green supply chain management practices and firm performance. Sustainability, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/su15064730"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2011.09.001","article-title":"Revisiting the arcs of integration: Cross-validations and extensions","volume":"30","author":"Schoenherr","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.technovation.2009.08.003","article-title":"Relationship between cooperation networks and innovation performance of SMEs","volume":"30","author":"Zeng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Technovation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Qiu, H., Chen, J., Li, H., and Wan, X. (2025). How to Enhance Enterprises\u2019 Radical Innovation Performance Through Multiple Pathways\u2014A Machine Learning Analysis of SRDI Enterprises in China. Systems, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/systems13030198"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"235","article-title":"The Core Competence of the Corporation","volume":"68","author":"Prahalad","year":"1990","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldowaish, A., Kokuryo, J., Almazyad, O., and Goi, H.C. (2022). Environmental, social, and governance integration into the business model: Literature review and research agenda. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052959"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett, N.J., and Satterfield, T. (2018). Environmental governance: A practical framework to guide design, evaluation, and analysis. Conserv. Lett., 11.","DOI":"10.1111\/conl.12600"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, A.Y., Kim, D., and Na, J. (2025). Disaggregating ESG Mechanisms: The Mediating Role of Stakeholder Pressure in the Financial Performance of Logistics Firms. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17198840"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallah Shayan, N., Mohabbati-Kalejahi, N., Alavi, S., and Zahed, M.A. (2022). Sustainable development goals (SDGs) as a framework for corporate social responsibility (CSR). Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14031222"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leippold, M., and Yu, T. (2023). The Green Innovation Premium: Evidence from US Patents and the Stock Market, Swiss Finance Institute.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4391444"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2025.104118","article-title":"How do ESG practices promote collaboration on green investment for supply chain enterprises in China?","volume":"198","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1108\/IMDS-09-2019-0493","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility and innovation: A comparative study","volume":"120","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Yang, J., and Ren, C. (2024). Unlocking ESG performance through intelligent manufacturing: The roles of transparency, green innovation, and supply chain collaboration. Sustainability, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/su162310724"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/00222429231222269","article-title":"Collaborating to innovate: Balancing strategy dividend and transactional efficiencies","volume":"88","author":"Elhelaly","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Zhang, Y., Cheng, T., and Guo, X. (2025). The Influence of Customer ESG Performance on Supplier Green Innovation Efficiency: A Supply Chain Perspective. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17125519"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Danso-Amoako, S.K. (2024). Leveraging Supply Chain Visibility to Drive Customer-Oriented Performance the Role of Supply Chain Collaboration and Supply Chain Learning. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Education Winneba]. Available online: https:\/\/ir.uew.edu.gh\/handle\/123456789\/4665."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2022.03.004","article-title":"In times of plenty: Slack resources, R&D investment, and entrepreneurial firms in challenging institutional environments","volume":"145","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.5465\/amj.2008.30767373","article-title":"The effects of slack resources and environmental threat on product exploration and exploitation","volume":"51","author":"Voss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Cao, B., and Li, C. (2025). An Exploration of the Influence Mechanism of Resource Bricolage and Ambidextrous Learning on Micro-Innovation in New Ventures: The Moderating Roles of Customer Participation and Government Support. Sustainability, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/su17177786"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Liu, L. (2024). The Impact of Multi-Tier Supply Chain Complexity and Network Centrality on Buying Firms\u2019 Performance. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rhode Island]."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrucco, A.S., Selviaridis, K., and Ciccullo, F. (2025). Supply chain integration for collaborative innovation projects: Unraveling the role of project complexity and project management methods. J. Bus. Logist., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jbl.70031"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.irfa.2025.103994","article-title":"Greening the future: How green manufacturing shapes corporate environmental and ESG success","volume":"100","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Financ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00246","article-title":"Estimating production functions using inputs to control for unobservables","volume":"70","author":"Levinsohn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"86","article-title":"Influence of digital transformation on enterprise co-innovation: Mechanism analysis based on the boundary perspective","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Soft Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"134","article-title":"Can supply chain digitization promote integration and innovation among enterprises on the Chain? A quasi natural experiment based on smart supply chain policy","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacfin.2023.102019","article-title":"Digital finance and corporate ESG performance: Empirical evidence from listed companies in China","volume":"79","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pac.-Basin Financ. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2025.107492","article-title":"How Does Digital Asset Allocation Affect Accounting Information Quality? A Perspective from Corporate Profitability and Ownership Nature","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Financ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1108\/IJoEM-01-2017-0013","article-title":"The determinants of corporate profitability: An investigation of indian manufacturing firms","volume":"13","author":"Nanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Emerg. Mark."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjac006","article-title":"The effects of joining multinational supply chains: New evidence from firm-to-firm linkages","volume":"137","author":"Manelici","year":"2022","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2025.125024","article-title":"Collaborative advantage: How supply chain alliances drive productivity improvement in renewable energy firms","volume":"259","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","article-title":"The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects","volume":"70","author":"Rosenbaum","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x","article-title":"Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching","volume":"22","author":"Caliendo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Econ. Surv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2009.07.003","article-title":"Evaluating buyer-supplier relationship-performance spirals: A longitudinal study","volume":"28","author":"Autry","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oper. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1111\/obes.12088","article-title":"On the practice of lagging variables to avoid simultaneity","volume":"77","author":"Reed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxf. Bull. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"62","article-title":"The Growth of SRDI Enterprises: A Review and Prospects","volume":"46","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foreign Econ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"(2026, April 11). Sino-Securities Index Information Service (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Available online: https:\/\/www.chindices.com\/esg-ratings.html."}],"container-title":["Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/5\/486\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T11:21:27Z","timestamp":1777548087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-8954\/14\/5\/486"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["systems14050486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/systems14050486","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-8954"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-8954","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}