{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T14:45:51Z","timestamp":1781534751989,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003444","name":"Beijing University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["GJDC-2026-01-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJDC-2026-01-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["GJDC-2026-01-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GJDC-2026-01-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/037b1pp87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Systems"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The U.S. strategies of \u201cfriend-shoring\u201d and \u201cnear-shoring,\u201d aimed at enhancing supply chain autonomy, are profoundly restructuring global production networks. This study empirically evaluates the impact of these strategies on China\u2019s factor-intensive industries. Utilizing the Asian Development Bank Multi-Regional Input-Output database, we constructed a Global Industrial Value Chain Backbone Network and applied the X-index Filtering Algorithm to identify core trade relationships. Policy impacts were quantified by comparing degree, betweenness, and closeness centralities between null and counterfactual models. The results indicate that \u201cfriend-shoring\u201d exerts a significant \u201csqueeze effect\u201d on China, with resource-intensive industries facing severe decoupling risks that cascade into supporting services. Conversely, the impact of \u201cnear-shoring\u201d remains limited, as Chinese firms mitigate trade diversion through strategic overseas investment. Scenario analysis further reveals that while new trade remedies targeting re-exports may bolster emerging hubs like Vietnam and Mexico in the short term, they increase the topological distance of global production networks, leading to a systemic decline in efficiency. These findings provide critical quantitative evidence regarding the evolution and systemic risks of global value chains under geopolitical intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/systems14050512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T09:30:22Z","timestamp":1778059822000},"page":"512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Friend-Shoring Versus Near-Shoring: A Counterfactual Network Analysis of Differential Impacts on China\u2019s Position in Global Value Chains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3573-7831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhuo","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarui","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyu","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junran","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anzhe","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9554-5414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhi","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing-Dublin International College, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"},{"name":"College of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Chen, P., Huang, X., and Li, L. 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